What +-Motivates Me

Various things persuade me to learn. I can identify with Sara’s story since I am about a similar way with regards to learning or accomplishing something. I have to realize I am going to pick up something from it. I realize that returning to class and showing signs of improvement help my me improve profession and will profit my family over the long haul. I see myself making objectives and picturing me with my degree as Chris does with his â€Å"finish line† visual. I generally set myself up for something coming up and easing back me down which it has previously. Genuine encounters have thumped me down more than once and I can legitimize with Fred’s story on future and past encounters. I have been laid off first since I had no degree from before and I glance back at that and it propels me a lot to prop up forward with school. I like to learn new stuff and acknowledge demands in a new position or discovering some new information simply like Jamie in her story. I think what content that propels me the most me the most to learn is Practical setting. It is difficult for me to simply go accomplish something without realizing I am going to profit by it. I am the sort that must have somebody push me or put me on the right track. For instance I went on a prospective employee meet-up and they truly loved my experience and abilities yet revealed to me I wasn’t going to work out in light of the fact that they required somebody with a BA degree and disclosed to me that once I got such huge numbers of credits added to my repertoire they would consider me later on if a spot is accessible. I have seen a few activity postings and they need you to have school credits. I know whether I get my degree I am going to increase a ton from it and that inspires me to get out there, learn and push ahead. Individual setting is something I can likewise identify with persuade me to learn on the grounds that I generally imagine me understanding that degree and beginning my profession as a Social specialist or a Parole official, so when I really observe myself doing this I get roused and eager to do my classes. On the off chance that I ever have uncertainty or think I can’t, I extremely simply picture how it will be and it encourages me.

Social Stratification Essay Example

Social Stratification Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will compose a custom exposition test on Social Stratification explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Social Stratification explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Social Stratification explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Social Stratification The explanation that mankind isn't homogenous however heterogeneous is to be sure evident in each feeling of the word. People harbor contrasts with one another in different viewpoints. In any event, when considering the body structure or physiology, there are characteristic contrasts but with different likenesses. Humankind contrasts as far as facial looks, body structure, scholarly levels, moral guidelines, philosophical stands, mental capacities, financial status, political, and a horde of different angles throughout everyday life. No place on the planet are there two people who are comparable in each perspective. Assorted variety and disparity are regular elements among human civic establishments. With this respect, the human culture is defined in each part of life. Human developments order the individuals from the general public as far as mediocrity, prevalence and correspondence. The assessment of people on vertical scales is what is named to as definition. The individuals who are assessed on the top layer will in general have more force, renown and benefit than the individuals who are arranged in the lower layers. With this respect, definition alludes to the procedure of separation whereby people are positioned high while others are positioned low. Social delineation is characterized as the procedure including the classifying of individuals where some are put in a high or low suffering progressive system of status. This definition is as per Ogburn and Nimkoff. Gilbert, then again, characterizes social separation as the classifying of people in the public eye into perpetual personalities where they are connected with one another as far as sub-appointment and predominance. Social definition is characterized by Melvin M. Tumin as the grouping of the human progress into a hierarchy of places that differ regarding power property possession, social development and in agreement to mystic delight. Lundberg clarifies that a human progress portraying social delineation is related to imbalance with fluctuating contrasts among people who are either classified as being â€Å"higher† and â€Å"lower†. Raymond W. Murry includes that social definition is the assessment of individuals from a given society and ordering them in level divisions of low and high social units. From the abovementioned, social separation is thusly a marvel where individuals from the general public are sorted into â€Å"high† and â€Å"low† as per the picked standards. Social separation enhances different qualities with one being that it is social. Social definition is viewed as social in that it doesn't think about inalienable natural parts of imbalance. Albeit natural viewpoints, for example, intensity, scholarly limit, age and sex can realize delineation or disparity, these distinctions flop in clarifying adequately the part of a general public where a few people are employ more property, force and glory in contrast with others. Organic ascribes neglect to taken as measures or standards for deciding predominance or mediocrity in a general public up to when the general public perceives such and attests to them much significance. The present society portrays different people of short height or low thinking measures to have high prevalence and renown. Considering a trough of a given industry, the chief is agreed an unrivaled position regardless of his quality or age. The trough is agreed such a position due to his instruction, preparing aptitudes, proficient experience, character characteristics and character. The last will in general be exceptionally viewed by the general public instead of the manager’s natural characteristics. Social definition is named as social in that it is coordinated by exercises that are viewed as standards and authorizes in the general public. Social definition is almost certain to be insecure as it will undoubtedly change within the sight of different variables and it is firmly identified with different parts of the general public including family set up, religion, monetary level and level of instruction. Another characteristic of social definition is that it is antiquated. Separation is very old as portrayed by anthropologists. Investigation into chronicled and archeological records show that past social orders portrayed separation in little meandering groups. Standards have changed with time as during the time, age and sex assumed a significant job in ordering individuals from the general public. Social separation keeps on flourishing in the vast majority of the world developments in light of the fact that the elites will in general control thoughts, data, property, administrations and the utilization of power. Those in the upper level layers control thoughts in developments to keep up the state of affairs. This is executed in both vote based and fascisms. This perspective goes to the degree of having their belief systems being acknowledged by the majority and the creation of stable political plans. There are those states where the elites use power to control data. This is principal ly shown in tyrannies. Elites in vote based countries will in general control data through the control of the media by segregating discharged data. Another quality of social separation is that it is all inclusive. The whole world portrays the definition wonder. Everywhere throughout the world, contrasts between the wealthy and poor people, the advantaged and the denounced are handily prove. These viewpoints extend from the industrialized and created countries in Europe to the lacking countries in Africa and Asia. Indeed, even in strict countries like those of the Arab countries, social delineation is handily prove where the prosperous are raked higher than their poor partners rake and in this way concurred a lot of benefits. This trait is reverberated by Sorokin who affirms that separation is delineated in all for all time sorted out gatherings. Another property of social definition is that it happens in various structures. The arrangement of definition is heterogeneous in the different social orders possessing the world’s framework. As an outline, the roman culture is distinguished as having two unmistakable classifications or layers; the plebeians and the patricians. Investigating the antiquated Aryan culture, four particular classes or layers can be confirm in their general public. Social delineation has achieved many negative effects on today’s society. It has made disparities in financial social, political and ideological measurements. Social separation has made social uniqueness the improvement of syndication of influence and riches by a particular few. Social delineation influences the odds of endurance in life by directing the benevolent human services administrations, local locations training and different sorts of administrations that are benefited to a person. It encourages social pressure and gloom among those in the lower layers. This is for the most part a direct result of the inconsistent access and circulation to abundance, force and renown. An enormous dissimilarity between the lower and privileged societies is made. One part of social separation is that now and again, the general public uses rules, for example, race, sexual orientation and class to decide the layers that an individual has a place. With this respect, we find that in certain networks, the ladies are concurred lower layers instead of their male partners. In countries where prejudice is widespread, we see people being characterized as far as their races. This was transcendent in the United States of America where the African Americans were agreed lower social layers instead of the white partners. Ascriptive imbalance happens where there is a generalization dependent on the conviction that social class is for the most part genetic. With this respect, people get the chance to be grouped into social classes dependent on their intrinsic characteristics, for example, race, sex and class. Accomplished status is a sociological philosophy dependent on the conviction that social classes are gained based on merit. This layer is for the most part earned or picked. The social class with this regard is an impression of an individual’s individual aptitudes, capacities and endeavors. This achieves different issues as it winds up directing the sort of instruction that an individual experiences, the wellbeing and nourishment profited livelihoods and courts and others. Individuals in the privileged societies can bear the cost of their youngsters costly tutoring and high-class sustenance and wellbeing administrations. The issue of training makes a generalization where people from wealthy families are accepted to be more qualified for work rather than their partners from the lower class. This is on the grounds that the last is less inclined to have gone to the select schools that are seen to be better. The accessibility of value wellbeing administrations additionally realizes the issues of mortality and bleakness. Quality social insurance administrations are concurred to people in the high society instead of the poor along these lines empowering the rich to have lower death rate. People in the lower classes are progressively inclined to different wellbeing diseases in light of their monetary status. This renders them incapable access heath care benefits normally and on the couple of events this is done, the administrations are of low quality. These outcomes into having the poor families delineate higher paces of newborn child mortality and other wellbeing complexities, for example, malignant growth and cardiovascular sicknesses. Right now, the general public is being baffled on the way that the class where one is conceived of directs the individual’s effect on the world or achi

How Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory Works

How Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory Works Theories Developmental Psychology Print How Social Learning Theory Works By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on December 01, 2019 More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Social Learning Theory Observational Learning Applications View All Back To Top Learning is a remarkably complex process that is influenced by a wide variety of factors. As most parents are probably very much aware, observation can play a critical role in determining how and what children learn.?? As the saying goes, kids are very much like sponges, soaking up the experiences they have each and every day. Because learning is so complex, there are many different psychological theories to explain how and why people learn. A psychologist named Albert  Bandura proposed a social learning theory which suggests that observation and modeling play a primary role in this process.?? Banduras theory moves beyond behavioral theories, which suggest that all behaviors are learned through conditioning, and cognitive theories, which take into account psychological influences such as attention and memory. 1:42 Basic Principles of Social Learning Theory How Does Social Learning Theory Work? During the first half of the 20th-century, the behavioral school of psychology became a dominant force. The behaviorists proposed that all learning was a result of direct experience with the environment through the processes of association and reinforcement.?? While Banduras theory is also rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, he believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. For example, children and adults often exhibit learning for things with which they have no direct experience. Even if you have never swung a baseball bat in your life, you would probably know what to do if someone handed you a bat and told you to try to hit a baseball. This is because you have seen others perform this action either in person or on television.   While the behavioral theories of learning suggested that all learning was the result of associations formed by conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment, Banduras social learning theory proposed that learning can also occur simply by observing the actions of others.?? His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as  observational learning, this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors, including those that often cannot be accounted for by other learning theories. Observational Learning Is Used by Copying Behavior of Others Things You Should Know About Social Learning Theory There are three core concepts at the heart of social learning theory.  First is the idea that people can learn through observation.  Next is the notion that internal mental states are an essential part of this process.  Finally, this theory recognizes that just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behavior. Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do, Bandura explained in his 1977 book Social Learning Theory.?? Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions, this coded information serves as a guide for action. Lets explore each of these concepts in greater depth. Verywell / JR Bee 1. People  Can Learn Through Observation In one of the best-known experiments in the history of psychology, Bandura demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. The children in Bandura’s studies observed an adult acting violently toward a Bobo doll. When the children were later allowed to play in a room with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggressive actions they had previously observed.?? Bandura identified three basic models of observational learning:A live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior.A verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior.A symbolic model, which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books, films, television programs, or online media. As you can see, observational learning does not even necessarily require watching another person to engage in an activity. Hearing verbal instructions, such as listening to a podcast, can lead to learning. We can also learn by reading, hearing, or watching the actions of characters in books and films.?? As you can imagine, it is this type of observational learning that has become a lightning rod for controversy as parents and psychologists debate the impact that pop culture media has on kids. Many worry that kids can learn bad behaviors such as aggression from violent video games, movies, television programs, and online videos. 2. Mental States Are Important to Learning Just observing someone elses actions is not always enough to lead to learning. Your own mental state and motivation play an important role in determining whether a behavior is learned or not. While the behavioral theories of learning suggested that it was external reinforcement that created learning, Bandura realized that reinforcement does not always come from outside sources.?? Bandura noted that external, environmental  reinforcement  was not the only factor to influence learning and behavior. He described  intrinsic reinforcement  as a form of internal rewards, such as pride, satisfaction, and a sense of accomplishment.?? This emphasis on internal thoughts and cognitions helps connect learning theories to cognitive developmental theories. While many textbooks place social learning theory with behavioral theories, Bandura himself describes his approach as a social cognitive theory. 3. Learning Does Not Necessarily Lead to a Change in Behavior So how do we determine when something has been learned? In many cases, learning can be seen immediately when the new behavior is displayed. When you teach a child to ride a bicycle, you can quickly determine if learning has occurred by having the child ride his or her bike unassisted. But sometimes we are able to learn things even though that learning might not be immediately obvious. While behaviorists believed that learning led to a permanent change in behavior, observational learning demonstrates that people can learn new information without demonstrating new behaviors.?? How Does Observational Learning Happen? It is also important to note that not all observed behaviors are effectively learned. Why not? Factors involving both the model and the learner can play a role in whether social learning is successful. Certain requirements and steps must also be followed. The following steps are involved in the observational learning and modeling process:?? Attention: In order to learn, you need to be paying  attention. Anything that distracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model is interesting or there is a novel aspect of the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning.Retention: The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning.Reproduction: Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. Further practice of the learned behavior leads to improvement and skill advancement.Motivation: Finally, in order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled.  Reinforcement  and  punishment  play an important role in motivation. While e xperiencing these motivators can be highly effective, so can observing others experiencing some type of reinforcement or punishment. For example, if you see another student rewarded with extra credit for being to class on time, you might start to show up a few minutes early each day. A Few Applications for Social Learning Theory Social learning theory can have a number of real-world applications. For example, it can be used to help researchers understand how aggression and violence might be transmitted through observational learning. By studying media violence, researchers can gain a better understanding of the factors that might lead children to act out the aggressive actions they see portrayed on television and in the movies. But social learning can also be utilized to teach people positive behaviors. Researchers can use social learning theory to investigate and understand ways that positive role models can be used to encourage desirable behaviors and to facilitate social change. A Word From Verywell In addition to influencing other psychologists, Banduras social learning theory has had important implications in the field of education. Today, both teachers and parents recognize how important it is to model appropriate behaviors. Other classroom strategies such as encouraging children and building  self-efficacy  are also rooted in social learning theory. As Bandura observed, life would be incredibly difficult and even dangerous if you had to learn everything you  know from personal experience. So much of your life is rooted in your social experiences, so it is no surprise that observing others plays such a vital role in how you acquire new knowledge and skills. By better understanding how social learning theory works, you can gain a greater appreciation for the powerful role that observation can play in shaping the things we know and the things we do.

Julius Caesars Civil War Battle of Pharsalus

The Battle of Pharsalus took place on August 9, 48 BC and was the decisive engagement of Caesars Civil War (49-45 BC). Some sources indicate that battle may have taken place on June 6/7 or June 29. Overview With the war with Julius Caesar raging, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) ordered the Roman Senate to flee to Greece while he raised an army in the region. With the immediate threat of Pompey removed, Caesar quickly consolidated his position in the western parts of the Republic. Defeating Pompeys forces in Spain, he shifted east and began preparing for a campaign in Greece. These efforts were hampered as Pompeys forces controlled the Republics navy. Finally forcing a crossing that winter, Caesar was soon joined by additional troops under Mark Antony. Despite being reinforced, Caesar was still outnumbered by Pompeys army, though his men were veterans and the enemy largely new recruits. Through the summer, the two armies maneuvered against each other, with Caesar attempting to besiege Pompey at Dyrrhachium. The resulting battle saw Pompey win a victory and Caesar was forced to back away. Wary of fighting Caesar, Pompey failed to follow up this triumph, preferring instead to starve his opponents army into submission. He was soon swayed from this course by his generals, various senators, and other influential Romans who wished him to give battle. Advancing through Thessaly, Pompey encamped his army on the slopes of Mount Dogantzes in the Enipeus Valley, approximately three and a half miles from Caesars army. For several days the armies formed for battle each morning, however, Caesar was unwilling to attack up the slopes of the mountain. By August 8, with his food supplies low, Caesar began debating withdrawing east. Under pressure to fight, Pompey planned to give battle the next morning. Moving down into the valley, Pompey anchored his right flank on the Enipeus River and deployed his men in the traditional formation of three lines, each ten men deep. Knowing that he had a larger and better-trained cavalry force, he concentrated his horse on the left. His plan called for the infantry to remain in place, forcing Caesars men to charge a long distance and tiring them before contact. As the infantry engaged, his cavalry would sweep Caesars from the field before pivoting and attacking into the enemys flank and rear. Seeing Pompey move off the mountain on August 9, Caesar deployed his smaller army to meet the threat. Anchoring his left, led by Mark Antony  along the river, he too formed three lines though they were not as deep as Pompeys. Also, he held his third line in reserve. Understanding Pompeys advantage in cavalry, Caesar pulled 3,000 men from his third line and arrayed them in a diagonal line behind his cavalry to protect the armys flank. Ordering the charge, Caesars men began advancing. Surging forward, it soon became clear that Pompeys army was standing their ground. Realizing Pompeys goal, Caesar halted his army approximately 150 yards from the enemy to rest and reform the lines. Resuming their advance, they slammed into Pompeys lines. On the flank, Titus Labienus led Pompeys cavalry forward and made progress against their counterparts. Falling back, Caesars cavalry led Labienus horsemen into the line of supporting infantry. Using their javelins to thrust at the enemy cavalry, Caesars men halted the attack. Uniting with their own cavalry, they charged and drove Labienus troops from the field. Wheeling left, this combined force of infantry and cavalry struck into Pompeys left flank. Though Caesars first two lines were under heavy pressure from Pompeys larger army, this attack, coupled with the entry of his reserve line, swung the battle. With their flank crumbling and fresh troops assaulting their front, Pompeys men began to give way. As his army collapsed, Pompey fled the field. Seeking to deliver the deciding blow of the war, Caesar pursued Pompeys retreating army and compelled four legions to surrender the following day. Aftermath The Battle of Pharsalus cost Caesar between 200 and 1,200 casualties while Pompey suffered between 6,000 and 15,000. Additionally, Caesar reported capturing 24,000, including Marcus Junius Brutus, and showed great clemency in pardoning many the Optimate leaders. His army destroyed, Pompey fled to Egypt seeking aid from King Ptolemy XIII. Shortly after arriving at Alexandria, he was murdered by the Egyptians. Pursuing his enemy to Egypt, Caesar was horrified when Ptolemy presented him with Pompeys severed head. Though Pompey had been defeated and killed, the war continued on as Optimate supporters, including the generals two sons, raised new forces in Africa and Spain. For the next few years, Caesar conducted various campaigns to eliminate this resistance. The war effectively ended in 45 BC after his victory at the Battle of Munda. Selected Sources HistoryNet: Battle of PharsalusRoman Empire: Battle of PharsalusLivius: Battle of Pharsalus

Merychippus - Facts and Figures

Name: Merychippus (Greek for ruminant horse); pronounced MEH-ree-CHIP-us Habitat: Plains of North America Historical Epoch: Late Miocene (17-10 million years ago) Size and Weight: About three feet tall at the shoulder and up to 500 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; recognizably horse-like head; teeth adapted to grazing; vestigial side toes on front and hind feet About Merychippus Merychippus was something of a watershed in equine evolution: this was the first prehistoric horse to bear a marked resemblance to modern horses, although it was slightly bigger (up to three feet high at the shoulder and 500 pounds) and still possessed vestigial toes on either side of its feet (these toes didnt reach all the way to the ground, though, so Merychippus still would have run in a recognizably horselike way).  By the way, the name of this genus, Greek for ruminant horse, is a bit of a mistake; true ruminants have extra stomachs and chew cuds, like cows, and Merychippus was in fact the first true grazing horse, subsisting on the widespread grasses of its North American habitat. The end of the Miocene epoch, about 10 million years ago, marked what paleontologists call the Merychippine radiation: various populations of Merychippus spawned about 20 separate species of late Cenozoic horses, distributed across various genera, including Hipparion, Hippidion and Protohippus, all of these ultimately leading to the modern horse genus Equus. As such, Merychippus probably deserves to be better known than it is today, rather than being considered just one of the innumerable -hippus genera that populated late Cenozoic North America!

Essential Parts of Computer and How It Works Free Essays

Contents II. Introduction2 III. Computers2 A. We will write a custom essay sample on Essential Parts of Computer and How It Works or any similar topic only for you Order Now CPU2 B. Memory storage3 1. Primary storage3 2. Secondary storage4 C. Peripherals8 1. Ink-jets (bubble-jets) printers8 2. Laserjet printers9 IV. Connecting To Internet10 V. Conclusion12 VI. Reference List13 * Introduction Nowadays, running business in 20th century means that you got to be clever about technology. When companies are striving for higher achievements and more-efficient workability, innovation is what everyone craving for. That’s the spot where technology shoots. Computer is one essential breed of our modern technology. However, while the majority of people know how to use computer, they don’t know how the machine works; the technical stuff. It becomes a problem when the technical stuff got broken and almost everybody does not get a clue. To improve our business means that we need to improve our consciousness to computer itself. So, with this guide, I hope we can understand the system of our computer, not just by its advantages, but by its personality too. Enjoy a new relationship with your computer. Computers For this matter, these are some of essential parts from computer that support its function A. Central Processing Unit (CPU) B. Storage devices C. Peripherals CPU Central Processing Unit (CPU), or called as processor, is the central part of computer, which accepts and processes data into information and maintaining its system (Gilster, 2000). In comparison, a brain to human is the same for CPU to computer. It stabilizes and ensuring computer to run normal. Moursund (1978) says that CPU consists of two units: control unit and arithmetic/logic unit. The control unit gives instructions to the system for executing programs. The control unit doesn’t do the tasks, but just giving orders to other units to do its jobs. The arithmetic/logic unit execute arithmetic and mathematical equations in the system, like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. To work in a constant and stabile period of time, CPU uses a small quartz crystal called the clock system (Shelly, Cashman, Vermaat, 2008). The system clock produces electronic pulses, or ticks, that set the operating period to the components of the system unit. The clock system speed is measured by the number of ticks per second or Hertz unit. Hertz (Hz) is the measurement of speed in data processing. The faster the clock speed, the more instructions the processor can execute per second. For usage in our computer schools, there are two brand options, AMD Intel. AMD’s Athlon X2 Dual Core, and Intel’s Pentium D 925, both of them have 3 GHz clock speeds which are compatible for our student’s needs in computer. I recommend Intel’s for our school since it has lower price than AMD. AMD has lower heat though in its operation, but this problem can be maintained by putting a fine working fan to cool the processor. Memory storage Extra There are terms of measure we need to know that used in byte (B) and hertz (Hz). They are: 1 Kilo (KB/ KHz) = 1000 (B/Hz) 1 Mega (MB/MHz) = 1000 Kilo = 1,000,000 (B/Hz) Giga (GB/GHz) = 1,000,000 = 1,000,000,000 (B/Hz) 1 Tera (TB/THz) = 1000 Giga = 1,000,000 Mega = 1,000,000,000 Kilo = 1000,000,000,000 (B/Hz) (Shelly et al. , 2008) Memory storage is the place where computer store all data and information in the machine. To measure memory storage, we use Byte unit. Byte is the measurement of space, determines the quant ity of data that memory can save. There are two kinds of memory storage: primary storage secondary storage. Primary storage RAM Random Access Memory (RAM), is used to open up programs, images, or any details when the computer is on. Its function is to accelerate the speed of processing programs. When the computer is off, the memory loses its data too and will be restarting when the computer is on again. That’s why RAM also called as temporary memory (Stokes, 2008). ROM Read-Only Memory (ROM) is used to store essential programs for computer, such as system operation (Smith, 2011). Data in ROMs cannot be changed again or written, unless for some types of ROM like EPROM (erasable programme read-only memory) or using some technique like exposing ROM to sunlight. Cache Cache located between CPU and RAM. It is a high-speed memory that accelerates CPU to exchange information from RAM (Shelly, et al, 2008). Cache works in a frequently accessible files and programs in the computer so it can be processed in shorter time. For example, a secretary’s computer which used for typing a lot will have its word-processing program opened faster than the other staffs’ computer. Secondary storage * Stokes (2008) states that secondary storage is used for saving files and information in the matter of capacity. When programs are installed into the computer or files are inserted, secondary memory is the place where all the stuffs are put into. It gives information about how much computer can store data in its system. Files, programs, and other stuffs that put in secondary storage are saved permanently in the system. So, when the computer is off, the stuffs will stay at the same state and condition without having any lost parts. Picture 2. 1 Secondary storage works like cloth drawers for computers. As long as there is a space, it is fine to put more things. Image source: http://corriehaffly. wordpress. com There are various forms of secondary storage. Some attached in CPU and some is separated from computer. These are the kinds of it. Hard Disk Picture 2. 2 Physical appearance of a hard disk. Image source: http://www. pcguide. com A hard disk is a metal platter coated with magnetic oxide that can be magnetized to represent data (Shelly, et al, 2008). The large disk has top side and bottom side which used for recording and storing data in computer. To be used, hard disk must be attached in computer. Optical Disc Picture 2. 3 Physical appearance of optical disc. Image source: http://www. digitalmatrix. us An optical disc is a flat, round, portable, disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer. These discs usually have 4. 75 inches in diameter and less than one-twentieth of an inch thick (Shelly, et al, 2008). Optical disc commonly used for storing music, pictures, or programs depend on its capacity. There are many types of optical discs. Some types can be used for reading and recording files in it, some can only be used for read. CD-ROM A CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory), is a type of optical disc that can only be used for read the files in it (Shelly, et al. , 2008). The disc’s content cannot be write-able or erase-able anymore. A typical CD-ROM has capacity from 650 MB to 1 GB of data, instructions, and information. To read a CD-ROM, you can use CD-ROM drive or CD-ROM player. Commonly, CD-ROM is used in licensed application, programs, music albums, or encyclopaedias so it cannot be pirated. CD-R and CD-RW A CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable) is a multisession optical disc which users can write, but cannot erase the items in it, like text, graphic, or audio. Multisession means you can write on part of the disc one time and another part at a later time (Shelly, et al. , 2008). Write in this term means to record files. A CD-R can only be written once and the content cannot be erased. To write and read a CD-R, you need a CD-R drive. DVD-ROM and DVD-R A DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory or Digital Video Disc Read-Only Memory) is a high capacity optical disc on which users can read but not write or erase (Shelly, et al. , 2008). To read a DVD-ROM, you need DVD-ROM software. DVD-R has the same characteristic as CD-R, only with bigger capacity. DVDs usually has 4 GB capacity. Flash Memory Picture 2. 4 Physical appearance of flash memory. Image source: http://techcrunch. com Flash memory is a small, portable stick which implanted electrical chips that used to store files in computer (Shelly, et al. , 2008). Its size is none bigger than adult human thumb. It connects to a computer via an USB port. Its files can be read and written in multiple times. Flash memory has various capacities, from 256 MB until 32 GB are available in stores. Peripherals Peripherals are electronic devices that support computer functions to more useful and understandable (Gilster, 2000). Peripherals commonly consist of computer screen, speaker, printer, keyboard, and mouse. Each device is connected through port cables that inserted into CPU ports. In this handout, I would like to discuss the function of printer itself. Since it is a primary office need, so it is nice to know and be aware for this machine. Printer is an electronic device that used for printing images and texts in computer file, usually using papers as its medium (Gilster, 2000). There are many types of printers which available in the market and usually used for business and office work. Ink-jets (bubble-jets) printers Picture 3. 1 Bubble jet printer. Image source: http://www. inkjet-laser. com Ink-jet printer sprays ionized tiny inks on the paper. The printing pattern is organized by using magnetized plates in printer (Shelly et al. , 2008). It can produce high quality images that frequently used for photography. There are models that designed to black and white (B/W) colour printings too. Laserjet printers Picture 3. 2 Laser printer. Image source: http://www. hypercup. org Laser printers works by using lasers that melts powdered inks in cartridges, then the ink putted on a paper by desired pattern (Shelly et al. , 2008). Photocopy services usually use this type due to its fast process. Here are the comparisons of bubble jet printer and laser printers as shown below. Ink-jet Printer| Laserjet Printer| 1. Print by spraying inks into paper, which makes the ink is more liquid on paper. If the paper is touched or get heated, the ink can melt and smear the paper| 1. Print by heated powdered inks with laser. The ink is fast to dry. | 2. Printing process are quiet and does not cause any mechanical noise| 2. Printing process causes mechanical noise. | 3. Many models come in portable sizes, which are suitable for home and personal use that do not demand frequent printing. 3. There are portable sizes and large sizes. Portable size are suitable for home and personal use, while large sizes are suitable for office or business use that demands frequent printing. | 4. The quality of printing can be adjusted for faster printing process| 4. The quality of printing cannot be adjusted| Ink-jet Printer vs. Laser Jet Printer (Frost, 2010) Connecting To Internet To obtain much informatio n, internet is always helpful for providing sources anywhere and anytime. Connecting our computer to internet means that open the access of our computer through signals. To make it do so, computers are needed to be included in a network. Network is a group of computers and devices that connected together through communication devices and transmission media (Sosinsky, 2009). It is used in houses, cafes, libraries, or offices for many purposes, even for personal or business purposes. The ability of network allows people to communicate through each other (in verbal or in visual), sharing files, transfer money, etc. As Sosinsky (2009) states, network’s patterns are divided into two categories: client/server and peer-to-peer. 1. Client/server One computer works as a server, then the other computers or devices in network work as client. A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources in network. It makes a server the centre storage of programs, data, and information. The clients are other computers and devices that rely on a server for its resources. 2. Peer-to-peer Peer-to-peer system is like two friends sharing stories to each other. One has useful information that the other one did not know, and vice-versa. In this network, each computer, called a peer, has different responsibility and capability, sharing hardware (e. printer), data, or information with other computers. Each computer has its files in own storage, but also have the same operating system and application software that allows them to connected to each other. For creating networks, computers need some equipment to make them connected through each other. Here are some services which make our computer available to internet. 1. Dial-Up M odems Dial-up modems are working by using telephone devices. When a computer connects to internet, computer transmits digital signals which converted into analog signal then it is transmitted over standard telephone lines (Shelly, et al. 2008). The internet speed is up to 56 kilobyte/second. Many people do not really interested in using dial-up modems now because it requires one telephone lines for working and other services have faster speed. 2. Broadband Services Broadband internet is a high-speed internet that connected through a wire (Shelly, et al. , 2008). Broadband internet services are provided through vary methods. Some known methods are: a) DSL (digital subscriber line), using telephone lines but does not interfere telephone connection; b) A cable modem that uses cable television network ) A Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) network uses radio signals to provide internet connection to computers and devices. Conclusion CPU plays the part of accepting data and processed it into rele vant and understandable information based on logic and arithmetic way of work. Data and information that has been processed comes in the shape of programs and files. The computer’s program and files are kept in memory storage. Some memory storage attached in computer, like hard disks, RAMs, ROMs, Registers, and Caches. Some are separated from computer for its portability, like optical discs and thumb drives. Printers are machines that used for printing and photocopying documents and images in computer. This can be used for printing in colour and black/white printings. Connecting computer to internet means to put it into a network. In a network, computer users can obtain information from many other sources and communicate with other computer users. Internet can be accessible through these two services, dial-up modem and broadband internet services. Through this guide, I delighted if you feel informed and become more common to computers. Knowing new things means to get to you into new insights. I hope the knowledge you read here can be useful for now and the future. Reference List Cashman, T. J. , Shelly, G. B. Vermaat, M. E. (2008). Discovering computers 2008 complete. Boston, Massachusetts: Thomson Course Technology. Cashman, T. J. , Shelly, G. B. Vermaat, M. E. (2008). Discovering computers fundamentals (4th eds. ). Boston, Massachusetts: Thomson Course Technology. Frost, M. (2010). Laser vs. inkjet printers. Retrieved September 28, 2011, from http://www. ehow. com/about_5390377_laser-vs-inkjet-printers. html Gilster, R. (2001). PC hardware: a beginner’s guide. Berkeley: Osborne/McGraw-Hill Moore, C. Laserjet vs. Inkjet. (n. d). Retrieved September 20, 2011, fromhttp://www. ehow. com/about_5327065_laserjet-vs-inkjet. html Moursund, D. G. (1978). Basic programming for computer literacy. New York: McGraw-Hill Smith, M. (2011). What is read only memory. Retrieved September 28, 2011, fromhttp://www. ehow. com/info_8751600_readonly-memory. html Sosinsky, B. (2009). Networking bible. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Stokes, A. P. (2008). Is this thing going on. New York: Workman. How computer work: the CPU and memory. (n. d). Retrieved September 19, 2011, from http://homepage. cs. uri. edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading04. htm How to cite Essential Parts of Computer and How It Works, Papers

Strategic Management of Australian Dairy-Free-Samples for Student

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management of the Australian Dairy Industry. Answer: Introduction The Australian Dairy industry has contributed massively to the countrys economy with numerous jobs created on dairy farms among other sectors. Indeed, the $13 billion sector is an important cornerstone to the wellbeing of majority of the Australians. According to Gourley et al. (2012), Dairy, in terms of farm gate value has a large export value with approximately 35% of the countrys dairy production exported annually. However, increased international competition particularly from countries such as the U.S and New Zealand means that the sector is currently experiencing a consistent decline (Chapman et al., 2014). This is evident from the closure of some processing plants, and this has weaken the individual ability of such companies to sufficiently pay dairy farmers. As such, this report examines the competitive environment of the Australian dairy industry, and this will entail a special insight into the dairy crisis that has engulfed the country. The report further explores the strategic landscape that will include an analysis of the Porters Five Forces within the Australian Dairy Industry. Moreover the report provides a comprehensive competitive advantage and quantitative analysis of the Australian Dairy industry. Competitive environment: Understanding the Australian dairy crisis The Australian dairy crisis started when the two major processing companies, Murray Goulbun and Fonterra announced unexpected and backdated price cuts. This decision affected most of the Australian farmers especially from the Southern regions whose only source of income had been disrupted (McDowell and Nash, 2012). Most of these farmers relied on the expanding Asian markets especially the Chinese increased demand for powder milk products. Tracing background of the crisis In essence, the Ukraine conflict is directly linked to the global milk crisis that also affected the Australian farmers. This was particularly true after the Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 was allegedly shot down by Russian backed rebels in Crimea killing everybody on board. The result was a protracted trade war which saw Russia slapped with numerous sanctions from the European Union and the U.S (Buys et al., 2014). Russia reacted by banning all imports from Western dairy companies from coming into the country. The Australian dairy farmers were greatly affected by this decision taken by Russian government. This is because milk and dairy products from the European Union and the U.S started flooding markets that were initially dominated by Australian companies. To be precise, dairy products from the EU that were initially branded for the Russian markets had to be rebranded and sold locally and to other new markets such as Asia (Buys et al., 2014). The outcome was a flooded market with dairy products which prompted major processing companies to slash their prices to remain competitive. As a result of the Russian ban of European dairy products, the EU embarked on its long-term objective of eradicating reliance on dairy production by exploring other viable alternatives and substitutes (Von Keyserlingk et al., 2013). The EU also removed the milk quotas further propelling a storm that was already ravaging the Australian dairy industry. The increased stockpiles of cheese and milk powder among other related products meant that production had outstripped demand. Prices of dairy products fell and this meant that farmers were paid less for their commodities. The Chinese market which the Australian farmers targeted also had a stretched supply of dairy products (Lees et al., 2012). Correspondingly, New Zealands decision to halt the building of milk dehydrators and explore other feasible production options further affected the Australian Milk industry (Tiwari et al, 2012). The country reasoned that the reducing global powder milk prices was bad for the economy and could easily affect other sectors if it was not adequately contained. The effects of the Australian milk crisis The immediate effect of the Australian milk crisis was a reduction in farmers incomes with most farmers struggling to keep afloat. Companies such as Murray Goulburn started diversifying into other nutritional product such as soy milk to sustain their competitive advantage (McDowell and Nash, 2012). The company was also forced to cut milk prices for Australian farmers and significantly re-evaluate its profit forecast. Notably, the decision by Murray Goulburn and Fonterra companies to cut prices exerted the biggest blow to the Australian dairy industry. Strategic landscape: Effects of the Porters Five Forces within the Australian Dairy Industry Threat of competitive rivalry There are numerous firms that are currently operating in the Australian dairy industry. As such, there is a comparatively higher level of competitive rivalry in this particular industry. The companies market share vary significantly depending on individual operational prowess among other market factors (Roberts et al., 2012). With the industry recording tremendous growth over the last few decades, dairy companies in the sector must upgrade their products if they are to sustain the fierce global competitions. According to Klerkx and Nettle (2013), most dairy product consumers relates high price to better quality and nutritious products, and companies operating in the industry must comply with such market requirements. Moreover, given the fierce competitive rivalry, most Australian dairy companies are currently focusing on the development of after-sale service, and include setting up free health clubs that provides nutrition information and advice to their consumers among other related consultancy service. Suppliers bargaining power There is relatively higher bargaining power of the suppliers in the Australian dairy industry. This is because most of the dairy farms in the country are specialized and produce in large scale. This implies that farmers can produce larger quantity of milk and control the quality and supply in the country and global markets (McDowell and Nash, 2012). This has strengthened the bargaining power of most farmers operating in this industry. Most of the farmers in the industry also have the requisite management experience, as well as large-scale farms that can facilitate and sustain higher production. Most of the countrys dairy products are consumed locally, and this has really plummeted the growth of the industry (Cary and Roberts, 2011). With the increase in demand for Australian milk products from some Asia countries, the industrys competitive capacity especially in the global markets is set to improve. Moreover, most companies in the industry possess the inherent ability to control milk purchase contracts based on quality and quantity of their dairy products (Roberts et al., 2012). However, the recent dairy crisis in the country have exposed the local dairy industry in a flaccid position that if not adequately addressed will significantly affect the industrys long-term survival. The consumers bargaining power Consumers in the Australian dairy industry have higher bargaining power. This can be accredited to the large number of companies that are currently operating in the industry (McDowell and Nash, 2012). Also, there are numerous dairy products that are available in the market soaring the consumers options. Most dairy product consumers are not swayed by commodity prices. Quality, product variation and the power of the brand are some of the most important consumer purchase determinants (Nettle, Brightling and Hope, 2013). The industry also have numerous direct customers such as dairy products distribution agents, pharmaceutical stores and nutrition clubs in most parts of Australia (Roberts et al., 2012). These are some of the important players that are significantly influencing the purchase decisions of some consumers (Henry et al., 2012). The numerous dairy product distribution points have further expanded consumer options strengthening their respective bargaining powers. Substitute products Dairy products remains to be an instrumental nutritional supplement that is relatively hard to substitute. As such, the threat of alternative nutritious products is medium. The only threat to the Australian dairy industry is the control of global market share given the increase in global competitions. Also, other products such as soy milk and cereal beverages such as cocoa and coffee possess serious market threat to liquid dairy products (Cary and Roberts, 2011). New market entrants Venturing into the dairy industry requires large capital investment and adherence to strict operational standards. For example, large capital is required to facilitate Moreover, companies operating in the industry are majorly characterised by stability in growth, higher profits and larger market shares. As such, any company willing to venture into this market must be ready to overcome such aggressive market competition and requirements (Roberts et al., 2012). The industry stresses mostly on product quality, therefore, capturing customer loyalty may prove difficult especially for new competitors. Correspondingly, most of the production and distribution channels in the Australian dairy market are full. This implies that new market entrants must invest heavily to gain some control of the market that is currently dominated by firms such as Murray Goulburn and Fonterra farmer. Competitive Advantage Quantitative Analysis The Australian Dairy industry is greatly affected by international competition. The table below shows the world dairy industry production from 2013-2016. Global production of dairy products is currently up with the production growth estimated to increase especially in from developed countries. 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total production output (millions tons) 700.1 652.4 723.1 699.6 Total trade volume (millions tons) 50.4 41.5 40.4 53.4 Demand of developing nations (kg/person/year) 66.5 67.8 71.5 63.7 Demand of developed countries (kg/person/year) 246 214 256.2 245 During the 2015 Australian dairy crisis, there was an increase in production and supply of daily products, but the consumption of such products was limited especially in Russia (Bardsley and Pech, 2012). The table below also shows the contribution and position of the Australian dairy industry both locally and in the global markets. Total number of dairy farms 6,400 Number of people employed on farms 24,750 Number of people employed in processing firms 19,000 People working directly working dairy 43,750 Share of national milk production 100% Total value of milk leaving farms $3.8 m Contribution of the dairy farms to the Australian economy $2.9 b Value of dairy products exported $2.8b Volume of dairy products exported 800000 tonnes Notably, Australia contribute approximately 6% of the global milk production with the U.S, European Union and New Zealand leading the pack. Most of Australias dairy products are sold locally given its relatively large local consumer base (McDowell and Nash, 2012). Also, the country export most of its products to some parts of Asia, the Americas, EU and Africa. The country also receives dairy products imports especially cheese from the U.S and New Zealand exposing the industry to global competition. Furthermore, the most popular dairy product that are locally consumed include milk, cheese, butter and yoghurt as shown in the table below. Dairy product Consumption per capita Milk 102 litres Cheese 13 kg Butter 4 kg Yoghurt 7 kg Overall, the Australian dairy industry is experiencing considerable amount of competitive pressure particularly on these locally consumed products given the increase in international competition (Roberts et al., 2012). The table below shows some of the major export markets that Australia exports to approximately 50% of its milk and dairy products. Region % exported Americas 5% Africa 4% Middle East 10% Europe 2% South East Asia 30% Japan 19% Other parts of Asia 24% The figure above also shows that the Australian dairy products are majorly exported. This can be accredited to intense domestic competitions and lower local prices (Nettle, Brightling and Hope, 2013). However, being a relatively liberal sector, the Australian dairy industry has for a very long time been able to brace global competitions. This can be accredited to the countrys efficient production methods and development of strong herd genetics with comparatively high milk production (McDowell and Nash, 2012). Therefore, the industry is poised for strong export growth given the increasing demand for dairy products from some countries in Asia. Australia is currently the third largest exporter of dairy products after the EU and New Zealand with about 10% global market share. By country, Australias major export destinations include China and Malaysia. Conclusion In general, the future of the Australian dairy industry is relatively bright especially the increased demand for powder milk in most parts of Asia. Indeed, the industry is poised to capitalize on the glowing international demand, and this will further facilitate the growth of the industry and general economy of Australia. Even though the infamous Australian dairy crisis greatly affected operations in the industry, the government and other related agencies response to the crisis has been impressive. The industry is still relatively volatile given that it is still recovering from the crisis and this is hurting consumer and investor confidence References Arvanitoyannis, I.S. (2010) Waste management for the food industries. Academic Press. Bardsley, D.K. and Pech, P. (2012) Defining spaces of resilience within the neoliberal paradigm: could French land use classifications guide support for risk management within an Australian regional context?, Human ecology,40(1), pp.129-143. Buys, L., Mengersen, K., Johnson, S., van Buuren, N. and Chauvin, A. 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(2013) How programme teams progress agricultural innovation in the Australian dairy industry, The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension,19(3), pp.271-290. Nettle, R., Paine, M. and Penry, J. (2010) Aligning farm decision making and genetic information systems to improve animal production: methodology and findings from the Australian dairy industry, Animal Production Science,50(6), pp.429-434. Rad, S.J. and Lewis, M.J. (2014) Water utilisation, energy utilisation and waste water management in the dairy industry: a review, International Journal of Dairy Technology,67(1), pp.1-20. Roberts, A.M., Pannell, D.J., Doole, G. and Vigiak, O. (2012) Agricultural land management strategies to reduce phosphorus loads in the Gippsland Lakes, Australia, Agricultural Systems,106(1), pp.11-22. Tiwari, J., Babra, C., Tiwari, H., Williams, V., De Wet, S., Gibson, J., Paxman, A., Morgan, E., Costantino, P., Sunagar, R. and Isloor, S. (2013) Trends in therapeutic and prevention strategies for management of bovine mastitis: an overview, Journal of Vaccines Vaccination,4(1), pp.1-11. Von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., Martin, N.P., Kebreab, E., Knowlton, K.F., Grant, R.J., Stephenson, M., Sniffen, C.J., Harner, J.P., Wright, A.D. and Smith, S.I. (2013) Invited review: Sustainability of the US dairy industry, Journal of dairy science,96(9), pp.5405-5425.