Effects of Academic Dishonesty on Higher Education Essay

Academic dishonesty is a vice that is plaguing higher education in today’s society. While lecturers and exam invigilators always seem to be a step behind in catching the culprits, the techniques being invented by the students to beat the system can almost be viewed with grim fascination. The emphasis that has been put on higher education when it comes to job status has totally skewed the moral compass of students and people who were of â€Å"respected character† in their high schools are usually at pains when explaining why the chose to cheat; this is usually after they are caught. The challenges being presented to the young boys and girls in our corridors of higher learning can be tackled the same way these students made the grades in high school. It’s all about commitment and hard work. (Anderman et al, 2007) Reasons for Cheating Students will cheat if they are not adequately prepared or if they believe regardless of their understanding of the course content, they are just not going to pass. Looking at the first reason, failure to adequately prepare for a CAT or an exam yet one has been given all the material can only be blamed on one’s negligence. On the second reason, the students may have reason to believe that there will be a disconnect between the questions being asked and the material they have studied. They could base their suspicions on the previous practices of these particular lecturer or they just do not have faith on the content they have been taught. This rarely happens but what students do not understand is it is not the lecturer’s role to â€Å"spoon-feed† them in the entire course outline. One of the expectations society has on graduates is that one should at least be able to conduct a research independently. Part of the content would therefore not be given in class and the lecturer will expect the students to conduct their own fact-finding missions. Therefore, one should not vilify a lecturer for asking a question that one wasn’t familiar with before looking at the course outline. (Callahan, 2004) Plagiarism, Fabrication and Deception The kind of cheating looked at above focuses on exam-based mode of evaluations. Research work conducted by students or even university faculty has not been spared this vice either. This kind of cheating is characterized by plagiarism, fabrication and deception. Plagiarism is the most common especially with undergraduate students. The internet has proved to be quite resourceful with information about pretty much anything being just a mouse click away. Stiff penalties like being expelled or suspended from the university do exist but there are still a few brave souls who believe they can get away with it. When one moves to the post-graduate and doctorate levels, cases of plagiarism are quite minimal. Having one’s name tarnished with plagiarism is a tag that will follow you for the rest of your career. (Bowman, 2004, p 25) The few cases of academic dishonesty reported usually arise from intentionally presenting false data. Research work is a time consuming process that can take months and even years. It can be quite unfortunate if at the end of your research, the experimental results do not match your hypothesis. Occasionally, some people prefer to fabricate their results instead of repeating the entire process or admitting that their research was inconclusive. You might get away with it if the experts in that particular field are few but the fall-out that would follow when you are discovered has proven to be the greatest deterrent. (Bowman, 2004) Studies in the Unites States show that â€Å"70% of students in high school have cheated† (Anderman et al, 2007) meaning that this vice was not suddenly acquired when these students joined university. It has moved to a point where when students are caught cheating, they are probably mad at themselves because they were caught instead of having remorse. The likelihood that you might actually be caught should be the greatest deterrent to cheating; not the penalty received after you are caught. You will only worry about the penalty if you are not sure whether you will get away with it. (Anderman et al, 2007) Effects on Higher Education Cheating has a negative effect on higher education in that the entire credibility of the system is questioned. Take for instance a student who actively cheated during his time at a particular business school somehow sneaks through the cracks in the system and is employed in the job market. Research has shown a majority of people caught practicing unsound business practices like embezzling of funds most likely participated in academic dishonesty during their time in university. The embarrassment such a person will bring to their learning institution is immeasurable. Furthermore, the credibility of students who passed through this business school will also be brought into question. It is fair to say that a looted business enterprise will think twice before employing someone from that disgraced business school. Majority of universities rely on grants and research funds to run their expensive programs. While funds from local authorities, student fees or even the federal government might be enough to run some programs, a large majority of courses rely on huge cash returns that research programs produce. All this can change if the entire higher education system is brought into disrepute due to widespread cases of cheating. Currently, few universities dare to admit that the problem is more widespread than it is reported. They are aware of the vice and admit to it being prevalent mostly in the undergraduate level. Today, the cost of hiring a university to perform a research on your behalf is a luxury enjoyed by companies or institutions that can afford the high costs. The justification for these high costs is attributed to the level of skill required to conduct this research; and this skills can only be found at our institutions of higher learning. This house of cards could probably come tumbling down if the current levels of academic dishonesty continue persisting. The research work will continue but the revenue being generated will decline. Interested parties will argue that the widespread cases of cheating in your university do not justify the excessive research fees being charged. (Callahan, 2004, p 72) Most academic scholars will never admit it but the prestige that comes with obtaining qualifications from a recognized institution of higher learning played a part when they decided to pursue higher education. Rock stars and established sportsmen and women keep returning to universities to finish their degree courses regardless of the amount of wealth they have amassed. It’s not like getting a degree guarantees you a better life insurance package or longer life expectancy; it is what the degree represents. Ironically, cheaters also realize this. A university degree is a rubberstamp of knowledge in today’s society. Some siblings have complained that their fellow brothers or sisters are held in higher regard by their parents or relatives just because they attended a university (a prestigious one). Is this system fair? Yes it is because being selected to join a university and successfully completing one’s course is not an easy affair. I believe those who have managed this feat deserve every accolade they receive. All this good is however eroded by cases of academic dishonesty. Such people end up tarnishing the names of the institutions plus the people who will pass through its corridors long after they are gone. There is a class system in every society and a large majority of them are segregated by wealth accrued or the level of education attained. Without getting into the pros and cons of a society divided by class, the reality is in every society there will have to be leaders and followers; you cannot have both. A person’s education status has been a barometer for today’s leader. Changing this due to some inept practices of some students who were caught with crib notes does seem far-fetched but is plausible if the problem becomes endemic. (Bowman, 2004, p 26) Conclusion At its current â€Å"manageable levels† academic dishonesty needs to be wiped out since it does affect the morale of students who have chosen to walk the straight path yet they are lagging behind their counterparts who are cheating. The prestige of higher education will be preserved only if its members respect its ideals and principles. Unfortunately, it is these same members who are destroying the system but the buck still stops with them in repairing the tarnished image. (Callahan, 2004, p 78) References Anderman E M, Murdock T B (2007) Psychology of Academic Cheating. Amsterdam; Boston, Elsevier Academic Press, pp 15-18 Bowman V, ed. (2004) The plagiarism plague: A resource guide and CD-ROM tutorial for educators and librarians, New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, pp 25-26 Callahan, D (2004) The cheating culture: Why more Americans are doing wrong to get Ahead, Orlando, FL: Harcourt. Hayden & West Stacks, pp 69-78

A Critical Analysis of My Strengths and Weaknesses

A Critical Analysis of My Strengths and Weaknesses in the skills of Assertiveness Assertiveness enables us to act in our own best interests, to stand up for ourselves without undue anxiety, to exercise personal rights without denying the rights of others, and to express our feelings honestly and comfortably (Alberti & Emmons, 2008). Within interpersonal communication, the skill of assertion is absolutely vital; it is a skill we are constantly utilising either consciously or unconsciously.Through nurturing the skill of assertiveness a person may have fruitful relationships with family, friends, peers, superiors and subordinates (Rakos, 1997) based on honesty and equality. The skill of Assertiveness can be viewed in differently within diverse cultures, for example in the highly extraverted, expressive and individualistic culture that is apparent in America; Assertiveness is a particularly important, if not essential skill.However in the much more reserved and introverted culture of Bri tain more emphasis is placed on interpersonal sensitivity, being a rewarding partner and the use of non-verbal signals (Forgas, 1985). The skill of Assertion has 9 main functions, these include; helping individuals to ensure that their personal rights are not violated, make reasonable requests of others, recognise the personal rights of others, avoid unnecessary aggressive conflicts and confidently, and openly communicate their position regarding any issue (Hargie, 2009).Assertiveness is a skill that is learned and training is available for those who may find it hard to assert their feelings within a social context. Assertiveness is a great skill to possess however there are times when an assertive response may in fact be the least responsive, in such times a non assertive or passive response may be what is required. The different levels of response are displayed well by the continuum which ranges from Non Assertive – Assertive – Aggressive.In most instances people sho uld aim to remain as close to assertive on the continuum as possible, as this promotes both standing up for yourself whilst also taking the other persons views into consideration. As a result of my Assertiveness practical I found myself to be just slightly towards the more non-assertive side of the continuum. I was quite pleased with this result as I did not want to be positioned too close to aggressive or non assertive.Throughout the Assertiveness Practical I had a number of Strengths which were outweighed by quite a number of Weaknesses, this is natural as Rakos stated â€Å"Assertion is a learned skill, not a trait that a person has or lacks. † An area throughout the practical in which I was strong was ‘Gesturing’, upon analysing my video I found my gestures to be smooth and fluid, I feel this conveyed a non-verbal message that I was calm within the situation. Accentuating your message with appropriate gestures can add emphasis, openness and warmth.A relaxed u se of gestures can add depth or power to your messages (Alberti & Emmons, 2008). Another area which analysing my practical revealed I was strong was ‘Paralanguage’ this can include an individual’s rate of speech, intensity, tone and volume. I found the tone of my voice to be conversational but not overly friendly and I felt this was perfect for the situation, the other people involved in the practical commented on the intensity of my voice being quite firm but not intimidating as the still felt comfortable.This is quite an important aspect of being assertive as a Kimble and Seidel study showed that those who spoke with a dominant conversational tone where perceived as being confident and therefore more likely to gain a more adequate answers (Richmond & McCroskey, 2000). Analysing my practical led me to see that I excelled in complex direct assertion, most notably the use of embellishments. Embellishments lessen the social risk whilst having a discussion with some one, however if they are used too much they can be seen as false and can dilute a person’s argument. I was particularly well versed in the use of both Praise and Empathy.An example of this in my practical was when the woman, who was trying to return a phone which was out of warranty said â€Å"you must understand where I’m coming from† in response to this I said â€Å"of course I do Miss X, I was in your position just over a year ago before I began to work here and you are handling the situation much better than I did. † The woman who prior to this piece of dialogue was getting rather agitated seemed to calm down and come to terms with what I was trying to explain. Hargie states that empathic assertion conveys sensitivity to the other person thus allowing that person to feel understood and not undermined.Although I had a number of Strengths throughout my practical I also had quite a few weaknesses which are illustrated by my personal assertiveness invento ry score which was +9, although the class average was +2, my score still showed that I can be assertive but find it quite difficult. One of the weaknesses I noticed was that I failed to keep eye contact with the person in my practical; this was a major flaw and undoubtedly hindered my assertiveness. At quite regular intervals, namely when the discussion was getting a bit heated, I tended to look at the desk in front of me rather than focus on the other person.Gaze aversion is typically an intentional act, you may be unsure of yourself and do not want him/her to see it in your eyes (Richmond & McCroskey, 2000). This was probably the case in my practical, I was unfamiliar with the given situation and felt that I was out of my depth thus I avoided eye contact; I can now see that this was a critical mistake. The second major flaw that I had involved my body posture, upon analysing the practical I realised that during our entire interaction my body was never directly facing the other per sons.When talking to another person, notice how much more personal the conversation becomes with a slight turn of the shoulders and torso toward the other person, this suggests confidence and openness to the conversation at hand (Alberti & Emmons, 2008). I now realise from my practical I was portraying quite a defensive posture, thus not putting the other person at ease whilst talking to me. Also from a defensive posture it is a lot harder to be assertive as the other person is likely to already have a certain prejudice about you.My final and most glaring weakness was overuse of the â€Å"broken record† approach, after analysing my practical session I realised that I used the phrase â€Å"I am sorry, but there is nothing I can do† a staggering amount of times. This is not a good tactic to employ as it can frustrate the other person, it can also dilute the argument and take away the relevance of what you are saying. Persistence should not be confused with the broken rec ord method, â€Å"be fair with others and keep after them until they’re fair with you† (Alberti & Emmons, 2008).Throughout my practical I also used too much ‘you language’, this attributed responsibility to the other person and was possibly too aggressive rather than assertive. In conclusion I feel that as a whole my assertiveness practical was a success; there are a number of areas in which I can improve vastly such as posture and eye contact. However I feel that I did do extremely well in a few areas, these being; gesturing and embellishments. Jim Rohn once said â€Å"Every time we speak we choose one of the four basic communication styles: assertive, aggressive, passive and passive aggressive†.This quotation helps me to illustrate that our learning of the skill of Assertion is continuous, throughout this practical research I have realised that Assertiveness is a great facet of an individual’s personality, and when used right can be an outs tanding tool. When a person has mastered the skill they will know when to be assertive, whom to be assertive with and with what intensity to put their message across (Journal of Communication, Volume 19, Issue 03, Pages 257-265). In a minority of places where cultural sensitivity is raw assertion may be deemed somewhat wreck less.Nevertheless, assertion that accommodates cultural norms is an accepted communication style and is widely used the world over. (Hargie, 2002) References Alberti, R. and Emmons, M. (1975) Stand Up, Speak Out, Talk Back: The Key to Assertive Behaviour. Pocket Books, New York Alberti, R. and Emmons, M. (2008) You’re Perfect Right, Assertiveness and Equality in Your Life and Relationships. Impact, San Luis Obisopo American Communication Journal, Volume 10, Issue 01, Spring 2008. Forgas, J. (1985) Interpersonal Bahaviour: The Psychology of Social Interaction. Hargie, O. , Dickson, D.Skilled Interpersonal Communication, Research, Theory and Practice, 7th e dition. Routledge, London. Chapter 11. Journal of Communication, Volume 19, Issue 03, Pages 257-265, September 1969 Knapp, M. and Vangelisti, A. (2006) Interpersonal Communication and Human Relationships. Allyn and Bacon, Texas Rakos, R. (2006) Assertive Behaviour: Theory, Research and Training. Routledge, London. Richmond, V. and McCroskey, J. (2000) NonVerbal Behaviour in Interpersonal Relationships, Allyn and Bacon, Texas The Electronic Journal of Communication, Volume 13, Number 4 2003. Townend, A. (2007) Assertiveness and Diversity. Palgrave, Basingstoke.

Corrupt society Essay

In chapter twenty-four we learn that Jaggers treats every human interaction as it was in a court of law. Jaggers made a strong impression on Pip when Pip asked for some money, â€Å"Mr Jaggers never laughed †¦ with his large head bent down and his eyebrows joined together, awaiting an answer, he sometimes caused his boots to creak, as if they laughed in a dry and suspicious way. † This shows that Jaggers is cold and that he hides his emotions. We also learn more information about the casts. Wemmick told Pip, â€Å"These are two celebrated ones. Famous clients of ours that got us a world of credit. † The man was a person that murdered his master and did not get executed. The man then died later in New Zealand. Also, we find out that Wemmick is fond of jewellery. Wemmick gets the jewellery from the executed. â€Å"I always take ’em,† he told Pip, â€Å"Get hold of portable property. † This shows the reader that Wemmick doesn’t mind taking a dead man’s possessions. At the start of chapter twenty-six we see Jaggers washing his hands, â€Å"My guardian was in the room, washing his hands with scented soap. † He did this as he entered the office as if he was washing himself clean of his clients. We also meet Molly (Jaggers’ housekeeper) as Pip is invited to Jaggers’ house for dinner. Molly was once in love with the convict (Magwitch) and turns out to be Estella’s mother. Pip also sees some carved garlands when he enters the house. He says, â€Å"I know what kind of loops they reminded me of. † These loops have many possible meanings. This could mean that Jaggers also takes jewellery from the dead as well as Wemmick. However, these loops could also be the loops of rope that were used to hang the people he worked for. Also, the loops could have been bought using the money from the dead. In chapter fifty-one we learn that Jaggers is not heartless. Pip tells Jaggers that he knows who Estella’s parents are. Jaggers knows that her mother is Molly but does not know who is the father, â€Å"So you know who the young lady’s father, Pip? † Jaggers asks Pip. Estella’s father is Magwitch. Pip then tells Wemmick, â€Å"I know you to be a man with a gentle heart. I have seen your pleasant home, and your old father, and all the innocent cheerful playful ways with which you refresh your business life. † After that Jaggers laugh which is very unlike him. Jaggers realises that Wemmick leads two lives just like himself. Jaggers then tells Pip his side of Estella’s story when he rescues Estella from her mean beginnings. This shows that Jaggers seems to have a conscience and a moral sense. However, this chat was very unprofessional so Jaggers and Wemmick were glad when a poor client walked in and they started to turn on him. Wemmick as Jaggers’ clerk shadows his master and is compared to a pillar box but is very different when he is at home with his old father. He never shows emotions when he is at work as he sees it as being unprofessional and Jaggers would not like it if he showed emotions at work. I think Wemmick is a very emotional man at home but tries to lock up his feelings at work and does a very good job of it. Dickens shows a disillusioned approach to society in which al of the great expectations become false. I think this is because Dickens thinks that society is disillusioned and that great expectations for him personally have never become true. Jaggers works in this society but he tries to keep himself clean from it. I think this is shown greatly in chapter twenty six, â€Å"My guardian was in the room, washing his hands with scented soap. † He is trying to keep himself clean in a dirty society. Charles Dickens wants to do the same and make himself have a better life. This makes Jaggers like Charles Dickens. They both wanted to try to change the world. They both use words and are both powerful. Dickens uses words to state how bad the world is and Jaggers is very blunt when he speaks and always gets to the point. I think Charles Dickens is very much like Jaggers. Charles Dickens is very low at this time. Jaggers’ character of involvement and disengagement with society reflects this. Jaggers is very lonely as he sees most other people to be too poor and lower class than him in a dirty and corrupt society where he feels he does not belong. Charles Dickens was also very lonely with his wife which made him have an affair with Ellen Ternan. The book is about how empty these great expectations turn out to be. Jaggers shows the central idea of what you can do with a corrupt society. Jaggers knows how bad the corrupt society is but he is always trying his best to improve it whatever way he can. Jaggers also becomes powerful as many people are scared of him as he is a very good and powerful lawyer.

Tesco Competitive Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tesco Competitive Strategy - Case Study Example echoes that, today the challenges for companies is not just providing high quality product but the ability to provide these products at a lower cost and price (Prahalad & Hamel 1990). These must be incorporated in the company's strategies. Against this background companies are in dear search for different ways and measures to remain competitive and consequently create values for their shareholders. (Hamel & Prahalad, 1994). Having said this, the paper focuses on TESCO. In section two I will provide an overview of the company, its products, people and resources, part two of the paper looks at its competitive position in line with the five forces model, while part three discusses its competitive advantage, and the last section provides the conclusion and recommendations. TESCO Plc is an international retailer founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 that has established itself as the largest super store in Europe (Report 2008). According to the company 2008 corporate report and the website, being an international retailer, its principal activities include food retailing, simple travel insurance, personal finance, TELECOM and recycling having over 2,000 stores in the United Kingdom (Company's Review 2008). The company also has stores and retail outlet in other countries like the Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan and China (Tesco 2006 Review). In addition, it operates 165 International Express stores. In addition it operates 39 stores in China, 111 in Japan, 13 in Malaysia, 62 in South Korea, 6 in Taiwan, 219 in Thailand, 35 in Czech Republic, 87 in Hungary, 105 in Poland, 91 in Republic of Ireland, 37 in Slovakia and 8 in Turkey. (Tesco Annual Review, 2008). It therefore operates round the clock which demonstrates its commitment to create customer value which in turn generates superior value for its shareholders. The success of this international giant in the retail sector can be attributed to its aggressive global strategy of geographical diversification, product differentiation, cost focus and it use of umbrella branding. In its attempt to renew the brand and keep it in sync with changing customer tastes, Tesco follows an umbrella strategy including international diversification, providing value to customers, product diversification, innovation, acquisition and umbrella branding. (Tesco Annual Review, 2008). 2.0 Tesco and Porter's Five Forces Framework Through the below stated framework developed by Michael Porter we will identify the sources of competition in an industry. Here, according to Porter (1990), the sources of competition in an industry such as the grocery sector in the case of Tesco can be easily depicted. Figure 1: Porters Five Forces Framework adapted from Johnson et al (2007) Figure 1 above depicts the forces of competition in an industry. According to Porter (1990) enables market analyst and investors to asses the attractiveness and profit potentials likely to be in an industry. Using this framework an analyst gets to identify the sources of competition in an industry or sector (Johnson & Scholes 2005). The basis upon which this framework is built will serve to

The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East Essay

The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East - Essay Example She begins with an analysis of the common explanations but then goes on to highlight the exceptional factors that hinder democracy. She cites examples and elaborates them to support her claims. In addition, she makes comparisons with the situation in other regions to make her claims more valid. She uses the exceptionalism comparative perspective to identify the real causes. Bellin starts with a citation of the Freedom House report on the level of democracy in different regions. While the number of free countries is doubling in other regions, the freedom house report indicated stagnation in the Middle East and North African region. She mentions the statistics as an anecdote to awaken the attention of her readers. Obviously, this report implies that something is definitely wrong in these countries. The author makes a supported claim that most countries in the region have failed to take the challenge of embarking on a journey towards democracy. She then mentions the obvious reasons that may be the cause of the stagnation. According to her, the obvious reasons do not offer valid explanations as to why the region does not make efforts towards democratization. These reasons include the existence of weak civil societies in the region that lack the impetus and capacity to advocate for democracy. In addition, labor unions in the region lack notable activity that can foster democracy. She also highlights the fact that the non-profit organizations in the region lack the appropriate grounding for them to participate in activities that can initiate a democratic transition. In elaboration, she mentions that since association life in the region is weak, the society lacks the capacity to exert pressure on the state to adopt a democratic setting. In addition, the state drives all economic projects of the countries through rental sources of income (Diamond 97-98). The state determines the level of employment as well as the rate of economic growth in the region. The people lack t he autonomy to create new economic ventures for themselves. Therefore, as long as they depend so much on the state, they cannot make demands from it. Increased poverty, illiteracy, and inequality limit the people from demanding democracy. As argued, these factors scare the few elite in society. The masses cannot commit to fighting for democracy as they have other pressing issues on the side. Next, she explains the claim that the Middle East and North Africa lack close proximity to democratic republics. Usually, analysts argue that close proximity to a democratic country offers demonstration effect. Some analysts claim that Islam is incompatible with democracy. Islam is prevalent in the Middle Eastern and North African countries and may be one of the reasons making it difficult for the people to embrace democracy. Bellin argues that the above circumstances are not preserves for the Middle Eastern and North African regions. The same factors exist in other regions that have shown remar kable progress towards democracy. She compares the situation in these regions with the realities in other regions. Her illustration of the progress in the sub-Saharan region despite the weak societies outweighs the claim that presence of a weak civil society hinders the Middle East society and North African countries from advancing towards democracy. On a different point, a high economic command from the state is not a factor that these

DISCUSS THE CONCEPT OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO Essay

DISCUSS THE CONCEPT OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO POSITIVE HEALTH - Essay Example In some cases, the drivers of such actions are individuals; whereas, in other cases, such as alcoholism and smoking, a collective mindset and use of force is necessary. Such cases may require use of coercion to enforce the corrective action. A significant aspect of health promotion is health education which aims at creating learning experiences for people by imparting knowledge related to the various elements of health and demonstrating what actions are needed to maintain good health (Green & Kreuter, 1999). Health education maybe an individual or a collective effort; it may result in direct benefit (to the person who is suffering from health problems) or indirect benefit/ positive externality (to people other than the person being educated) (Bandura, 1977). What distinguishes health education from secondary learning is that health education is a methodical, planned learning exercise which is proactively undertaken in order to make people aware of the various risks associated with he alth and their possible solutions (Ottoson & Green, 1987). The concept of health promotion; however, extends beyond that of health education in that the former attempts to facilitate the high quality of life outcomes proposed by health education . It provides the necessary organizational, political, social and economic mechanisms needed to achieve the objectives proposed by health education. In other words, one may infer that health education is a pre requisite to health promotion; without self-awareness regarding health-related issues health promotion is futile. Without health education, health promotion would be limited to a politically manipulated activity marked by death of the â€Å"social† aspect of health promotion needed to avoid the manipulation. Over the years, there has been a growing shift of responsibility associated with positive health outcomes from the government and environmental agencies to individuals (Bunton, 1993). Thus the balance has tilted from environ mental activists, medical agencies and public service institutions to individuals, schools, and households (Bunton, 1993). This has been made possible by the rapid influx and falling prices of technology, greater awareness through media as well as high levels of community support for such health promotion programs. Schools are not volunteering in educating students about healthy diet and issues such as obesity, AIDS, as well as preventing the use of drugs and alcohol (Tonin, 1980). Community organizations have sprung up in order to promote better standards of living for its members. Such action involves greater co ordination and communication across various sectors of the society (Thorogood, 1992). However, in order to achieve the intended outcomes and attain maximum efficiency, health promotion must be simultaneously achieved at both levels (the individual and collective) (Thorogood, 1992). Thus, all groups pursuing health promotion ought to decide their share of contribution to th e overall effort in the context of local culture and lifestyle (Thorogood, 1992). Victims of poor health are a vital component of this decision-making process and their views on which group should attain maximum responsibility ought to be taken into account (Green, 1986) (Flynn et al.,

Equity theory PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equity theory - PowerPoint Presentation Example The most straightforward approach to see the equity at work, and presumably the most well-known way it does sway representatives, is when partners contrast the work they do with another person that gets paid more than them. Equity is at play at whatever time representatives say things like, John gets paid a great deal more than me, yet doesnt do as much work, or I get paid a considerable measure not exactly Jane, yet this spot couldnt work without me! In each of those circumstances, somebody is contrasting their particular push to-pay degree to another persons and is losing inspiration simultaneously Chuck 2000). The privilege to remunerate or expenses attributed to every data differ relying upon the social setting. In mechanical settings, resources, for example, capital and physical work are seen as "pertinent inputs" – inputs that genuinely qualifies the patron for prizes. In social settings, resources, for example, physical magnificence and consideration are for the most part seen as resources qualifying the holder for social prizes. Singular characteristics, for example, ill-manners and mercilessness are seen as liabilities qualifying the owner for expenses. Inputs commonly incorporate any of the

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal - Assignment Example Since this is true, the author can be said to be credible. The author seems highly trustworthy. This is because of how the points are brought out in the article. Trustworthiness of the author can be seen when the author shows the seriousness involved in animal right terrorism by providing statistical data. The author can also be trusted because they assess the situation and compare it with future possibilities. Here, the author states that if animal testing is not permitted, millions will die since research will not be undertaken. This information is authentic. Sound logic is used in the argument. This is because of certain claims made that indicate use of logic. For instance, it is logical that people would die if drugs are not produced. The overall claim being made is that if scientists are prohibited from using animals in their research tests, production of medicinal drugs will not be possible and millions would die as a result. The information provided is reliable because it provides data that is supported by relevant evidence. The overall information has been communicated appropriately making it

Organisational Structure and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisational Structure and Design - Essay Example Nokia is seeking to understand on how to sustain business sustainability in the long term. Introduction Nokia Corporation is an international leader in cellular communications whose products have turned out to be part of a fundamental part of community’s lives around the globe. The corporation’s hi-tech and design novelties have made its trade name among the most acknowledged in the globe. Nokia seeks to regain Smartphone leadership by forming strategic partnerships with Microsoft. The main element of the corporation is to build a new winning mobile ecosystem by partnering with Microsoft. The corporation also seeks to invest in next generation disrupting technologies, bring next billion online in developing growth markets, as well as increase focus on speed, results and accountability. For the corporation to achieve its strategy, it management has to recognize the importance of formulating a strategy on corporate social responsibility. Business sustainability is managin g the triple bottom line in which companies manage their monetary, community and environmental risks duties and opportunities. The three impacts are referred to as people, profits and planet. Business sustainability represents resilience over time, where business can bounce back from shocks as it is connected to environmental, social and healthy economic systems. Business sustainability necessitates that firms adhere to the rules of sustainable development. These are economic efficiency (prosperity and innovation), social equity (health and wellness and poverty) and environmental accountability (biodiversity and climate change). Managers need to understand business sustainability in order to comprehend how businesses can reconcile the need to be socially and environmentally sustainable with demands of a high market based system, whose key dimensions of success are profit and growth. Further, business sustainability helps managers to understand more thoroughly what makes business sta y alive. How organizational sustainability will influence organizational behavior Organization culture is usually viewed as the core reason for the failure of implementing organizational change programs. Whilst tools and techniques fir change strategies exist, scholars assert that failure results because the essential culture of the organization remains the same. Successful implementation of organizational culture for business sustainability may well be largely reliant on the values and ideological underpinnings of an organization’s culture, eventually affecting how corporate sustainability is implemented. The competing values framework of organization culture discusses the connection between business sustainability and organization culture (Schein, 2004, p 54). Competing values framework demonstrates the contending demands within a business on two separate and competing proportions Competing values framework The internal-external dimension reflects whether the organization i s focused on its internal dynamics or the demands of its outside environment. The flexibility-control aspect exhibits managerial preferences for control and coordination formation. Organizations relying on control end of the model tend to lean on official mechanisms of control and coord

Midterm assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Midterm assignment - Essay Example It was published in 2011 indicating that the factors which were present during that time, influenced Fetterolf to write on issues that affected women. In fact, the title reveals that, during that time, there existed gender disparity and women were treated unequal members of the society. This situation influenced Fetterolf to reveal woman as the subject in his article (Fetterolf, 2011). In his article, Fetterolf claim to carry out a study that examines the future gender equality expectations of young women in their marriages and careers, upon getting higher education. In my suggestion, I believe that gender equality will never be achieved, despite women’s level of education, because of the conflicting responsibilities in marriages and career opportunities. Argument: This deduction from the article is a fallacy based on fact that the information is generalized based on the general appeal that people in well paying careers work must work for longer hours to match their payment. Fallacy: Greater education of participants,’ possible selves would lead them to evaluate themselves more favorably, anticipate greater emotional well-being, and perceive goals concerning finances, respect and power, and career as more

English-language films Essay Example for Free

English-language films Essay 1. How are the pictures helpful in understanding the selection? 2. Why did the noise of the sonar speed up? 3. Why did the Titanic sink? 4. How were Frederick’s Fleet and Minnie Coutts alike? 5. If you wanted to prove the fact that over 1,500 people died out of the more than 2,300 people on board, what would you use to prove this? 6. What is the most likely reason the author wrote this selection? 7. The author uses figurative language, including comparing the ship to a â€Å"ghost from the ancient past,† saying the ship is â€Å"weeping great tears of rust,† and saying he felt as if he â€Å"had walked into a dream. † Why does he do this? 8. Tell how the author felt about seeing the Titanic. 9. Imagine that the author kept a journal. Write one or two sentences to tell what he might write after he came up from his first trip to the Titanic 1. How are the pictures helpful in understanding the selection? 2. Why did the noise of the sonar speed up? 3. Why did the Titanic sink? 4. How were Frederick’s Fleet and Minnie Coutts alike? 5. If you wanted to prove the fact that over 1,500 people died out of the more than 2,300 people on board, what would you use to prove this? 6. What is the most likely reason the author wrote this selection? 7. The author uses figurative language, including comparing the ship to a â€Å"ghost from the ancient past,† saying the ship is â€Å"weeping great tears of rust,† and saying he felt as if he â€Å"had walked into a dream.† Why does he do this? 8. Tell how the author felt about seeing the Titanic. 9. Imagine that the author kept a journal. Write one or two sentences to tell what he might write after he came up from his first trip to the Titanic

Shawshank Redemption by Frank Darabont Essay Example for Free

Shawshank Redemption by Frank Darabont Essay * Read each question carefully to determine which one you will answer * When you have selected the question you will spend a few minutes breaking it apart to ensure that your response answers all aspects. If you are looking for Excellence you want to select a question that will allow you to demonstrate that you are able to connect your text to society.| To show that with friendship and hope one can break free from their oppression Example: Identify what you consider to be the director’s main purpose in producing a text you have studied AND explore, in depth, one or two main techniques used to achieve it. Camera shots and dialogue Think of your essay like an hour glass. You are going to start wide (general) with your thoughts get narrow (very specific) and then end wide (generally again). Step Two: Introduction (Same as Novel) With your introduction you want to capture your reader’s attention. You are going to begin your essay with a few general statements. Quote; historical background; comment on a relevant issue in your text; use a statistic to highlight another issue that relates to your essay’s topic| Then you will move into the specific details of your text: * You must include the title and DIRECTOR of the text * You must echo the key words of the question (use these words exactly as it indicates to the marker that you understand what the question is asking) * You must also include or make reference to visual and verbal techniques When you see the word HOW it means techniques! I.e. How does the director craft the text-Visual-lighting, costumes, props, camera shots, camera angles, cuts, jump cuts, dissolve edits, cross cuts, colour filters, *cinematography, post productionVerbal-dialogue, music, non diagetic, diagetic, voiceovers, sound effects| Example Introduction: Green-interesting start/connection Blue-identifies techniques Purple-key elements Yellow-echoes the question â€Å"Hope is important because it can make the present moment less difficult to bear. If we believe that tomorrow will be better, we can bear a hardship today.† (Thich Nhat Hanh) Hope can sometimes be a hard concept to understand for many who are in difficult situations.In The Shawshank Redemption directed by Frank Darabont, hope is an elusive idea for many of the prison’s inmates-except Andy Dufresne. Andy Dufresne is a character that helps to reveal Darabont’s main purpose in producing the film, that with friendship and hope people can break free from their oppression. The film uses camera shots and music to portray this main purpose. Notice how the writer has combined all of the different elements. Does this appear different to a Level 1 introduction? Step 3: Body Paragraphs Remember that now the ‘hour glass’ is beginning to become narrow. This is where you become specific with your information. You will need to: * Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the reader to your focus * You may then need to develop out these ideas (another sentence ) * Add a verbal technique (dialogue, voiceover, music, sound effects) that supports the topic * Add a visual technique (camera shots/angles, costume, symbolism, special effects, editing techniques etc.) that supports the topic * THINK ABOUT ADDING A THIRD OF EITHER VISUAL OR VERBAL * Explain how the visual and verbal features support the technique and topic * Try to connect the topic to modern day society-how is what you are watching still relevant? This is for excellence. Does not have to be in every paragraph. Green-society Blue-identifies techniques Purple-explanation Yellow-echoes the question Example Body Paragraph: Andy Dufrense was a character who never fit into the world of Shawshank Prison. Unlike other prisoners who claimed their innocence Andy was a wrongfully accused man a common occurrence for 8-12% of today’s inmates (Truth and Justice, 2011). Although Andy’s faith and hope does falter at times throughout the film it never dissolves. Music is a verbal feature used to help the audience understand the main purpose of the film that with friendship and hope one can break free from their oppression. Music was used to help show us Darabont’s idea of freedom and institutionalisation. Andy deliberately disobeys the warden and plays â€Å"The Marriage of Figaro† on the large speakers. He is severely punished for this and is sent into â€Å"the hole†. As the music is playing, all the prisoners stop what they are doing as they are awed by the beautiful voices of the Italian women. The long shots and extreme long shots reveal the prisoners as they all stop their activities and listen to the music. This gives the prisoners freedom as it brings back memories and takes them to a place outside of the prison. It gives them hope that someday they might be free of this prison. When Andy is sent to the hole as a result of disobedience, he says that he took the music down there with him. A close up of Andy being initially locked in reveals a smile on his face. He had the music in his head and it gave him hope. This hope helped him survive throughout the following years in the prison. You then need to repeat this process TWO MORE TIMES! You must remember that your body paragraphs is where you demonstrate your knowledge of the text. It is also the place where you analyse the features and key ideas and how they worked together. Step Four: Conclusion (SAME AS NOVEL) We are now at the end of the essay. This is a CRITICAL paragraph as this is the last element of the essay your marker will read. You want to put in just as much effort here as you did at the beginning. Introduction-catches the reader’s attentionConclusion-reminds them just how brilliant you are!| You will start your conclusion with the specific: * You must include the director and author of the text * You must echo the key words of the question (use these words exactly as it indicates to the marker that you understand what the question is asking) * You must also include or make reference to the visual and verbal techniques Your last sentence or sentences will be general. Remember we are now at the bottom of the hour glass. You want to end with a statement or idea that leaves the reader thinking. End with a connection to current society; end with a reflective observation about your text; a lesson learned| Green-society Purple-key elements Yellow-echoes the question Hope is an important element of survival in any environment. In Frank Darabont’s The Shawshank Redemption both camera shots and music have been used effectively to help develop the main purpose that with friendship and hope one can break free from their oppression. At the start of this film, Andy is shown to be a dis-passionate man who has lived in comfort. Throughout The Shawshank Redemption, his journey to express his emotions, build up his courage and withstand the ultimate battle between mind and authority helps him gain back the freedom took from him.

Personality Tests in Recruitment

Personality Tests in Recruitment Personality Test Personality test are frequently used to access the potential of the candidate such as conscientiousness experience optimism, stress tolerance, emotional stabilty, extraversion and proactive. These few personality test are very important and are required needs when they want to be successfull in their performance, when they are having interpersonal interaction in team setting. Pros of personality test There are many diffrent advantages of personality test. The reason why the organization have this test is that they are able to reduce the business cost and also the outcome by identifying the candidate for hireing, promoting and training. This test are conducted by the administrate via paper and pencil or computerized method. The organization are able to carefully select candidate that are pontential in the interpersonal interaction with the team setting, which enable the company to progress in business. Moreover it is one way to cost effective and does not require skill administrator. Cons of personality test Normally personality test question based on behaviour, cognitions and needs, all received only a single score. The scoring system may eliminate the option for alternate interpretation to the answer given. When grouping all the different combination of behaviour and needs, sometime this can lead to misinterpreted. Another problem is self knowledge aspect of the objective exam can be faked. Since not all question and answer given can match the test maker exactly there are not able to elaborate their answer and it can be quite frustrating and inaccurate. In conclusion, one assessment alone can be used, but it is much better to have a complete assessment program, in order to balance out the advantage and disadvantage for each personality assessment type. Biographical data Biographical data is very essential in this era of time and date. Technologies have become an important part of the business, having the knowledge of biographical data such as leadership, knowledge of software, interpersonal skill, tean work skill, knowledge of the job, creativity and many more can help the person to succeed futhur. Biographical data uses question about education, work experience, personality assessments of skill and interest to predit how the candidate can be successful on the job. Pros of biographical data Biographical data is also administrated by paper and pencil or computerized method because it can easily enlarge the numbers, moreover it reduce business cost and does not need administation skill. It is also less likely uses to diffrentiate in results by gender and race. Neverless it produce valid infrences of the organization outcome for example turnover and performance. This is one way identifying individuals for hire, promote, or training who needed skills and abilities. Cons of biographical data. The disadvantage of biographical data is that the candidate will try to project more positive decision outcome to impress the organisation thus this will be more difficult to understand how they actually are , for example it will be difficult to diffrentiate between the positively manage impression to the fake response. This interview conducted does not necessarly provide enough information for development feed back. For example one is enable to change the past and last not least it is time consuming to develop. Work sample Test Work sample test is the the future behavior observed under similar situations. There are three tests which are required to perform on the job. Pros of work samples The advantages of work samples, it has high reliability and it has high content of validity because it is a sample of the actual work to perform that particular job. Besides that, work samples has low adverse of impact because these test is viewed favorable by examinees than aptitude or personality tests. The most interesting part in these work sample test is if the applicants wants to fake job proficiency to increase the test score and performance on job, it is difficult. These tests uses equipment which is the same or to the original equipment used for the job. Cons of work samples It is costly to administer often only can be administered to one applicant at a time. Although the task and duties can be completed in a short period of time, however the test have less ability to predict performance on the job, when it can take day or week to complete. It will be difficult to measure the aptitude of an applicant, because it is unable to see whether the applicant is able to handle more difficult task when they are encountered with. Integrity test Integrity test is used to identify candidates who like to involes in antisocial at work, dishonesty and engage inappropriate behaviour. It is important for the organization to assess the attitude and experience such as candidates honesty, turstworthiness, dependability, reliability and prosocial behaviour. This is usally conducted with direct question regarding previous experiences such as ethnic and integrity also regarding preferences and interest about inferences of future behaviour. Pros of integrity test Integrity test is to make the candidates to understand the important of the coperate value. This test are also done via paper and pencil or computerize method, which is easily to large number. The test produce valid inference of organization of outcome, such as inventory shrinkage, difficulties in dealing with supervision, performance and others. Beside that it is not required any administration skill and it is cost effective. Futhurmore it does not relate in result to by gender and race than other types of test. This test also reduce the business cost by identifying individuals who like to absent or engage in other counter productive behavior. Cons of integrity test The disadvantage of integrity test is the candidate will try to project more positive decision outcome to impress the organization. In some cases the candidates may have difficulty or disliking to questions which are unrelated or intrusive to the job. This can be slightly difficult for the organization to diffrentiate from fake to actual response. Cognitive abilities test Cognitive abilities test is used to see onces abilities by using diffrent question or problems such as the abilities of reading, logic, reasoning and comprehensive mental abilities which leads to success in many diffrence kind of jobs. Pros in cognitive abilities test. By using this method the outcome of success of performance has increace and it is use by many organization. This is use especially for more specialized jobs. There are many various way to adminster these test for example by paper and pencil or computerized method. Most of the company use this method because it is cost effective and does not require skill administration. By using cognitive abilities test the company are able to reduce business cost as there are not easily influents by the test taker to impress the manager on fake responce. When ever a company wishes to promote, hire or train a person there are able to make a decision according to their skill and abilities. Cons in cognitive abilities test. Cons for cognitive test are that there will always be different answer or result by various person or race. As such it is always time consuming in picking out the right candidates for the job. The organization will have to carefully verify all the result and choose according to specific job, that they wish to assign the person before making the final and right decision.

Lesions of the Prefrontal Cortex Essay -- Neurology Health Medical Ess

Lesions of the Prefrontal Cortex The prefrontal cortex is involved in a wide variety of functions. It is known as the area of the brain which has â€Å"executive control†, taking input from other areas of the brain and combining and applying those functions (Kalat 2004). Lesions to the prefrontal area can greatly impair overt behavior of an inflicted individual. These deficits are dependent upon the severity of the lesion and the specific region of the prefrontal cortex in which the lesion resides (ventrolateral, dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and anterior prefrontal)(Eslinger 2003). Individuals with prefrontal lesions usually display emotional, social and moral deficits (Elinger 2003). Social learning is impaired and adaptive learning does not appear to extend beyond avoidance of punishment in most cases(Anderson 1999). Personality is marked by poor judgment, minimal insight into/slight anticipation of consequence, a desire for autonomy but a lack of self- initiation, lack of sense of competency, lack of identity, a lack of relationship between self and others and self and environment, and a deficit in motivation and goal directed behavior(Eslinger 2003). Most cases do not appear to experience anxiety or fear. These persons tend to be egocentric, easily irritated, impatient, and display â€Å"shallow† emotions(Trauner 2001). They cannot harness their emotions to use in an adaptive manner regarding learning from experience, and developing and maintaining relationships. Empathy, moral decision making and comprehension are usually erratically rule- based and self-serving. There is an inability to demonstrate perspective taking and limited to no perception... ...re Neuroscience,2(11),1032-1036. Eslinger, Paul J., Flaherty-Craig, Claire V., Benton, Arthur L. (2004). Developmental outcomes after early prefrontal cortex damage. Brain and Cognition, 55, 84- 103. Kalat, James W. (2004) Biological Psychology. Ontario, Canada: Wadsworth. Lawson, C. â€Å"Social Skills and School† www.cdl.org/resources/reading_room/social_skills.html. May 3, 2005. Mah, Linda, Arnold, Miriam C., Grafman, Jordan. Impairment of social perception associated with lesions of the prefrontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1247-1255. Thimble, Michael.H. (1990). Psychopathology of frontal lobe syndromes. Seminars in Neurology, 10(3). Trauner, Doris A., Nass R., Ballantyne A.(2001) Behavioural profiles of children and adolescents after pre- or perinatal unilateral brain damage. Brain, Vol. 124(5), 995-1002.

Teens and Sex - Teen Pregnancy :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Teen Pregnancy Before we venture into the controversial aspects of teen pregnancy, I think that it is imortant to answer a vital question brought up by one of our classmates. This question addresses how teen pregnancy has evolved and how times have changed to bring upon such a serious issue. To begin answering this question we must take a look back in time to the roles of women and men in our society. Teen pregnancy is not just a rare virus that has recently sprung up and will someday dissapear due to some type of cure. Adolescent pregnancy has plagued our country for over three centuries, but it is only more recently that we have noticed its growth and severe impact on many aspects of society. The social change that lead to this visibility is not only based on a change in sexual behaviors, but it also is based on a change in the nature of adolescence. These changes begin with the decling of the average age of menarche. The average age for menarche in girls ten years ago was 14.2; this age has dropped by two years since then. The average age for menarche today is 12.2. This statistic suggests that since girls are capable of having children at younger ages they are also more apt to have sex at a younger age. The social changes that effect these statistics deal with the raising of the average age of marriage, standard attitudes towards marriage as a sacred institution, and economic shifts which have led to a need for longer educational careers. These changes have produced pockets of urban poverty where education is often not valued or taken seriously. Unfortunatly, the need for higher education is reflected in the fact that only at levels after high school has enrollment increased in recent years, and only in the late teens are whites more likely than blacks to enroll in an educational institution. Due to the demands of the economy many young people are dependent on their parents for a longer peroid of time which has left some groups without access to the economic options that allow them to prepare for the future. Â   Some of the reasons for the increased age in marriage stem from the changing roles of women in our society. Women are now more than ever participating in a mans work world, and dealing with such problems as maintaining their homes, the cost of childrearing, and the importance of an education.

Handspring INC Evaluation and Control :: essays research papers

Solution EVALUATION AND CONTROL Evaluation of the sales staff should be done in order to improve their performance. Targets should be set at the beginning of every month and the actual performance in relation to the targets should be compared to get the real difference between the targeted performance and the real performance. A similar, target setting and evaluation of the sales performance will not only evaluate the performance of the employees but will also control them effectively. Remember, the yearly increments and promotions will to an extent depend on the performance of the sales personnel. This will help the company meet its sales objectives. Evaluation of the research & development staff is necessary to make Handspring products technically superior to that of competitors. For instance if the objective of the personnel is to develop products that are compatible with the operating system of Microsoft, then they have to be given objectives relating to the technical development of the product, the time deadline they have and the cost constraints. The R&D staff would be given a priori evaluation. That means that before the work starts on the project, the values attached to the various stages of the work would be decided. For example, if the work were to be completed on time, it would be given a rating of 5 and if the work were 80% complete the rating would be 4 and so on. This a priori contract would not only impose a control on the work but would help Handspring achieve its strategic objectives. For example, if the strategic objective of Handspring were to reduce the cost of Treo, then this project would be given to a projec t team with a fixed time period and a set of objectives. Setting up of objectives and entering into an a priori contract with them so that their performance can objectively be evaluated can do evaluation of the top managers also. For, example one of the vice- presidents can be entrusted with the task of setting up alliances with other top companies so that Treo is purchases as a tie up product. The vice-president will be given a target of forging say 6 alliances having a sale value of $XXM. Apart from this other criteria for his evaluation can be set up and each given a weight. At the end of the evaluation period the actual performance of the vice-president will be compared to the targeted performance and a composite score calculated for him. Handspring INC Evaluation and Control :: essays research papers Solution EVALUATION AND CONTROL Evaluation of the sales staff should be done in order to improve their performance. Targets should be set at the beginning of every month and the actual performance in relation to the targets should be compared to get the real difference between the targeted performance and the real performance. A similar, target setting and evaluation of the sales performance will not only evaluate the performance of the employees but will also control them effectively. Remember, the yearly increments and promotions will to an extent depend on the performance of the sales personnel. This will help the company meet its sales objectives. Evaluation of the research & development staff is necessary to make Handspring products technically superior to that of competitors. For instance if the objective of the personnel is to develop products that are compatible with the operating system of Microsoft, then they have to be given objectives relating to the technical development of the product, the time deadline they have and the cost constraints. The R&D staff would be given a priori evaluation. That means that before the work starts on the project, the values attached to the various stages of the work would be decided. For example, if the work were to be completed on time, it would be given a rating of 5 and if the work were 80% complete the rating would be 4 and so on. This a priori contract would not only impose a control on the work but would help Handspring achieve its strategic objectives. For example, if the strategic objective of Handspring were to reduce the cost of Treo, then this project would be given to a projec t team with a fixed time period and a set of objectives. Setting up of objectives and entering into an a priori contract with them so that their performance can objectively be evaluated can do evaluation of the top managers also. For, example one of the vice- presidents can be entrusted with the task of setting up alliances with other top companies so that Treo is purchases as a tie up product. The vice-president will be given a target of forging say 6 alliances having a sale value of $XXM. Apart from this other criteria for his evaluation can be set up and each given a weight. At the end of the evaluation period the actual performance of the vice-president will be compared to the targeted performance and a composite score calculated for him.

Issai 30 – Code of Ethics

ISSAI 30 The International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions, ISSAI, are issued by the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions, INTOSAI. For more information visit www. issai. org INTOSAI Code of Ethics I NT OS AI P r ofe ss i o n a l S t an d ar ds Co m mi t te e PSC-Secretariat Rigsrevisionen †¢ Landgreven 4 †¢ P. O. Box 9009 †¢ 1022 Copenhagen K †¢ Denmark Tel. :+45 3392 8400 †¢ Fax:+45 3311 0415 †¢E-mail: [email  protected] dk INTOSAI EXPERIENTIA MUTUA OMNIBUS PRODEST EXPERIENTIA MUTUA OMNIBUS PRODEST INTOSAI General Secretariat – RECHNUNGSHOF (Austrian Court of Audit) DAMPFSCHIFFSTRASSE 2 A-1033 VIENNA AUSTRIA Tel. ++43 (1) 711 71 †¢ Fax: ++43 (1) 718 09 69 E-MAIL: [email  protected] gv. at; WORLD WIDE WEB: http://www. intosai. org Table of Contents Chapter 1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Chapter 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Integrity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Chapter 3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Independence, Objectivity and Impartiality †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Chapter 4 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Professional Secrecy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Chapter 5 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Competence †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Glossary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 3 Chapter 1 Introduction Concept, Background and Purpose of the Code of Ethics . INTOSAI has deemed it essential to establish an international Code of Ethics for auditors in the public sector. 2. A Code of Ethics is a comprehensive statement of the values and principles which should guide the daily work of auditors. The independence, powers and responsibilities of the public sector auditor place high ethical demands on the SAI and the staff they employ or engage for audit work. A code of ethics for auditors in the public sector should consider the ethical requirements of civil servants in general and the particular requirements of auditors, including the latter’s professional obligations. . With the Lima Declaration of Guidelines on Auditing Precepts 1 as its foundation, the INTOSAI Code of Ethics should be seen as a necessary complement, reinforcing the INTOSAI Auditing Standards issued by the INTOSAI Auditing Stan dards Committee in June 1992. 4. The INTOSAI Code of Ethics is directed at the individual auditor, the head of the SAI, executive officers and all individuals working for or on behalf of the SAI who are involved in audit work. However, the Code should not be interpreted as having any impact on the organisational structure of the SAI.Due to national differences of culture, language, and legal and social systems, it is the responsibility of each SAI to develop its own Code of Ethics which best fits its own environment. Preferably these national Codes of Ethics should clarify the ethical concepts. The INTOSAI Code of Ethics is intended to constitute a foundation for the national Codes of Ethics. Each SAI has the responsibility to ensure that all its auditors acquaint themselves with the values and principles contained in the national Code of Ethics and act accordingly. . The conduct of auditors should be beyond reproach at all times and in all circumstances. Any deficiency in their pro fessional conduct or any improper conduct in their personal life places the integrity of auditors, the SAI that they represent, and the quality and validity of their audit work in an unfavourable light, and may raise doubts about the reliability and competence of the SAI itself. The adoption and application of a code of ethics for auditors in the public sector promotes trust and confidence in the auditors and their work. . It is of fundamental importance that the SAI is looked upon with trust, confidence and credibility. The auditor promotes this by adopting and applying the ethical requirements of the concepts embodied in the key words Integrity, Independence and Objectivity, Confidentiality and Competence. Trust, Confidence and Credibility 7. The legislative and/or executive authority, the general public and the audited entities are entitled to expect the SAI’s conduct and approach to be above suspicion and reproach and worthy of respect and trust. 8.Auditors should conduct themselves in a manner which promotes co-operation and good relations between auditors and within the profession. The support of the profession by its members and their co-operation with one another are essential elements of professional character. The public confidence and respect which an auditor enjoys is largely the result of the cumulative accomplishments of all auditors, past and present. It is therefore in the interest of auditors, as well as that of the general public, that the auditor deals with fellow auditors in a fair and balanced way. . The legislative and/or executive authority, the general public and the audited entities should be fully assured of the fairness and impartiality of all the SAI’s work. It is therefore essential that there is a national Code of Ethics or similar document which governs the provision of the services. 1 From the IXth Congress of INTOSAI, meeting in Lima. Can be obtained from the INTOSAI General Secretariat in Austria. 4 10. In all pa rts of society there is a need for credibility.It is therefore essential that the reports and opinions of the SAI are considered to be thoroughly accurate and reliable by knowledgeable third parties. 11. All work performed by the SAI must stand the test of legislative and/or executive scrutiny, public judgements on propriety, and examination against a national Code of Ethics. Chapter 2 Integrity 12. Integrity is the core value of a Code of Ethics. Auditors have a duty to adhere to high standards of behaviour (e. g. honesty and candidness) in the course of their work and in their relationships with the staff of audited entities.In order to sustain public confidence, the conduct of auditors should be above suspicion and reproach. 13. Integrity can be measured in terms of what is right and just. Integrity requires auditors to observe both the form and the spirit of auditing and ethical standards. Integrity also requires auditors to observe the principles of independence and objectivity , maintain irreproachable standards of professional conduct, make decisions with the public interest in mind, and apply absolute honesty in carrying out their work and in handling the resources of the SAI.Chapter 3 Independence, Objectivity and Impartiality 14. Independence from the audited entity and other outside interest groups is indispensable for auditors. This implies that auditors should behave in a way that increases, or in no way diminishes, their independence. 15. Auditors should strive not only to be independent of audited entities and other interested groups, but also to be objective in dealing with the issues and topics under review. 16. It is essential that auditors are independent and impartial, not only in fact but also in appearance. 17.In all matters relating to the audit work, the independence of auditors should not be impaired by personal or external interests. Independence may be impaired, for example, by external pressure or influence on auditors; prejudices he ld by auditors about individuals, audited entities, projects or programmes; recent previous employment with the audited entity; or personal or financial dealings which might cause conflicts of loyalties or of interests. Auditors have an obligation to refrain from becoming involved in all matters in which they have a vested interest. 8. There is a need for objectivity and impartiality in all work conducted by auditors, particularly in their reports, which should be accurate and objective. Conclusions in opinions and reports should, therefore, be based exclusively on evidence obtained and assembled in accordance with the SAI’s auditing standards. 19. Auditors should make use of information brought forward by the audited entity and other parties. This information is to be taken into account in the opinions expressed by the auditors in an impartial way.The auditor should also gather information about the views of the audited entity and other parties. However, the auditors’ own conclusions should not be affected by such views. Political neutrality 20. It is important to maintain both the actual and perceived political neutrality of the SAI. Therefore, it is important that auditors maintain their independence from political influence in order to discharge their audit responsibilities in an impartial way.This is relevant for auditors since SAIs work closely with the legislative authorities, the executive or other government entity empowered by law to consider the SAI’s reports. 21. It is important that where auditors undertake, or consider undertaking, political activities they bear in mind the impact which such involvement might have – or be seen to have – on their ability to discharge their professional 5 duties impartially. If auditors are permitted to participate in political activities they have to be aware that these activities may lead to professional conflicts. Conflicts of interest 2. When auditors are permitted to provide advice or services other than audit to an audited entity, care should be taken that these services do not lead to a conflict of interest. In particular, auditors should ensure that such advice or services do not include management responsibilities or powers, which must remain firmly with the management of the audited entity. 23. Auditors should protect their independence and avoid any possible conflict of interest by refusing gifts or gratuities which could influence or be perceived as influencing their independence and integrity. 4. Auditors should avoid all relationships with managers and staff in the audited entity and other parties which may influence, compromise or threaten the ability of auditors to act and be seen to be acting independently. 25. Auditors should not use their official position for private purposes and should avoid relationships which involve the risk of corruption or which may raise doubts about their objectivity and independence. 26. Auditors should not use i nformation received in the performance of their duties as a means f securing personal benefit for themselves or for others. Neither should they divulge information which would provide unfair or unreasonable advantage to other individuals or organisations, nor should they use such information as a means for harming others. Chapter 4 Professional Secrecy 27. Auditors should not disclose information obtained in the auditing process to third parties, either orally or in writing, except for the purposes of meeting the SAI’s statutory or other identified responsibilities as part of the SAI’s normal procedures or in accordance with relevant laws.Chapter 5 Competence 28. Auditors have a duty to conduct themselves in a professional manner at all times and to apply high professional standards in carrying out their work to enable them to perform their duties competently and with impartiality. 29. Auditors must not undertake work they are not competent to perform. 30. Auditors sho uld know and follow applicable auditing, accounting, and financial management standards, policies, procedures and practices.Likewise, they must possess a good understanding of the constitutional, legal and institutional principles and standards governing the operations of the audited entity. Professional Development 31. Auditors should exercise due professional care in conducting and supervising the audit and in preparing related reports. 32. Auditors should use methods and practices of the highest possible quality in their audits. In the conduct of the audit and the issue of reports, auditors have a duty to adhere to basic postulates and generally accepted auditing standards. 6

Losing Love (Bookshop Memories)

Ryan Borg Mr. Parsons English 101 9/13/2012 Losing Love In the short essay Bookshop Memories by George Orwell, he tells the readers about the life of working at a second hand bookstore. Orwell goes into brief detail about certain remarks, actions or pestering bluebottles that seem to rest and die in the most important and obvious places. Some of the remarks that Orwell made throughout the essay would be like this example, â€Å"many of the people who came to us were of the kind who would be a nuisance anywhere but have special opportunities in a bookshop.For example, the dear old lady who ‘wants a book for an invalid’ (a very common demand, that). †(Page 1) Follow that quote the other nuisance is the random special ordered book Orwell encountered was, â€Å"the other dear old lady who read such a nice book in 1897 and wonders whether you can find her a copy. Unfortunately she doesn’t remember the title or the author’s name or what the book was about , but she does remember that it had a red cover. (Page 1) These encounters aggravated Orwell with no doubt but the real reason he lost his love for books was, â€Å"a bookseller has to tell lies about books, and that gives him a distaste for them; still worse is the fact that he is constantly dusting them and hauling them to and fro. †(page 5) As one book lover to another the fact that Orwell had to lie about certain books to customers would be near impossible just because it’s not how Orwell wanted to explain the book but it was what the customers wanted to hear about the book to make the sale.Satisfying the customer rather than being able to speak what you actually are thinking about the book I could see this would cause Orwell to lose his love for the actual books that he enjoys reading. The other reason that Orwell states in that quote is that he has to constantly dusting them off and moving them to and fro. Analyzing this quote it is noticeable that Orwell was ref erring to constantly moving the books around for customers, the change of seasons, and new inventory that the bookstore got in. Along with shuttling them back and forth, us; as a reader, should take in consideration that the books need to be cleaned off nd this is where the dead bluebottles and dust start to affect his real love for books. After Orwell states the real reason he loses his love for books he does include another quote which is, â€Å"nowadays I do buy one occasionally, but only if it is a book that I want to read and can’t borrow, and I never buy junk. The sweet smell of decaying paper appeals to me no longer. † (page 5) To me, as the reader, I take this sentence that Orwell does not like to read books that are 50 years old or older because it brings back the memories of shuttling and dusting off the dead bluebottles from the books.It also suggests that he still will read a quality book, news article, or other type of publication but he will not purchase it since there were so many customers that went into the second hand bookstore to buy books so they could use them as a showing piece for people to make assumptions of who they actually were. In this essay this Orwell gave complex hints to the reasons why he lost his love for books in ways throughout the whole essay but he gave his real reason in the last paragraph of the essay as it was pointed out previously.

Define Motivation, Explain How the Expectancy Theory Works Essay

TEMPLATE FOR SUMMARISING AND EVALUATING ARTICLES FROM SCHOLARLY JOURNALS Title and Article Reference| Robert G. Isaac, Wilfred J. Zerbe and Douglas C. Pitt(Summer 2001) Leadership And Motivation: The Effective Application Of Expectancy Theory, Journal of Managerial Issues , Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 212-226| Aim / Purpose of article| In this article, we discuss the application of a motivational model that provides a practical tool for individuals wishing to assume leadership roles. This model, namely expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964; Porter and Lawler, 1968), suggests that individuals, acting through self-interest, adopt courses of action perceived as maximizing the probability of desirable outcomes for themselves. This desire to maximize self-interest provides aspiring leaders with unique opportunities to assume leadership roles by simultaneously meeting both follower needs and organizational requirements| Sample, location, method of data collection and analysis| Article was only theoretical. No empirical evidence offered| Findings/Interpretations reported in the article| Leadership is hard work because it means stepping forward and taking the time to motivate each follower on a personal basis, according to the principles of the model of expectancy theory.| Significance/contribution of the article in relation to your other articles and your topic| This article also contains solid information which outlines that the expectancy theory is used by leadership to motivate their employee’s by meeting their expectation which then inspires them to perform their task highly.| Strengths of the article| Well researched with strong background in the exploration prior of research| Weaknesses of the a rticle| No weakness indicated as the expectancy theory has proven to be vital for leadership and management.| Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment| â€Å"V. H. Vroom (1964) suggested that people consciously choose particular courses of action, based upon perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs, as a consequence of their desires to enhance pleasure and avoid pain†. (Leadership And Motivation: The Effective Application Of Expectancy Theory) Summer 2001 p 214| Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment| â€Å"In essence, the model suggests that the individual feels motivated when three conditions are perceived†1. The personal expenditure of effort will result in an acceptable level of performance. 2. The performance level achieved will result in a specific out-come for the person3.The outcome attained is personally valuedSummer 2001 p 215|

Story

Television is an inescapable part of modern culture. We depend on TV for entertainment, news, education, culture, weather, sports—and even music, since the advent of music videos. TIP: Create your own family TV-viewing traditions, such as watching Olympic coverage, the NHL playoffs, classic movies or a weekly comedy show. With the recent explosion in satellite and digital speciality channels, we now have access to a plethora of both good quality and inappropriate TV content.In this crowded television environment, the key for parents is to search out high quality TV programs for their kids, and whenever possible, enjoy them together as a family. Television offers lots of benefits to kids, including: * Because of its ability to create powerful touchstones, TV enables young people to share cultural experiences with others. * Shared viewing gives family members of all ages an opportunity to spend time together. * Parents can use TV as a catalyst to get kids reading—followin g up on TV programs by getting books on the same subjects or reading authors whose work was adapted for the programs. Great television can teach kids important values and life lessons. * TV programs often explores controversial or sensitive issues, which can make it easier for parents and kids to discuss them. * Educational programming can develop young children's socialization and learning skills. * News, current events and historical programming can help make young people more aware of other cultures and people. * Documentaries can help develop critical thinking about society and the world. *TIP: Whenever possible, choose Canadian programs for your family viewing time. TV can help introduce your family to classic Hollywood films and foreign movies that may not be available in your local video store. * Cultural programming can open up the world of music and art for young people. How to choose good TV How can you select viewing that is good for your children? David Kleeman, Director of the American Center for Children and Media, says ask yourself the following questions: * Does the program actively engage my child, physically or intellectually?Television watching doesn't have to be passive. It can prompt questions, kindle curiosity, or teach activities to pursue when the set is off. * Do I respect this program? Parents don't have to like every show their children choose—in fact young people need their own district culture. But parents should trust that a program's creators understand and respect how children grow and learn. * Does my child see others like himself or herself on television? Young children believe that television reflects the real world.To not see people like themselves—in race, ethnicity, or physical ability, for example—may diminish their self worth. A lack of role models should spark discussion about how TV portrays different types of people. * How do makers of this program regard my child? Some program creators see young people as consumers to be sold to. Others see them as students to be educated, as future citizens to be engaged in the community, or simply as children, whose work is play. Use the resources on the side bar to help you find good quality television for your kids. Story In this assignment, students will work independently to write a short formal report that analyzes a situation and provides recommendations. This course project will satisfy TCOs 4, 6 and 8. Overview In this assignment, students will analyze two possible career choices of their choosing, and then write a formal analytical report effectively presenting a recommendation to pursue one of the careers. This project has two parts: Part one, the Table of Contents and Introductory Section, is due at the end of week 6.Part two, he report in its entirety, is due at the end of week 8. Students are encouraged to begin work on this project no later than week 5, reading the project directions, reading Chapters 13, 14, and 15, and, if time permits, doing preliminary research. Formal Report Topic This assignment is based on you choosing two possible career choices you would recommend to an employee, client or professional contact. Here's the situation: You are to choose two possible career choices.Yo ur report should include the following: Information and background about your two career choices. Research from at least ix credible sources to inform your audience and to support the recommendation(s) APA citations for all researched information (in-text parenthetical citations and a reference list at the end of the report) Formal report formatting You will need to conduct outside research and cite your sources using APA citations. Conclude the formal report by making recommendations to your audience.Your report MUST be formatted as a formal report. Part One (Due Week 6) Table of Contents and Introduction Your assignment this week is to write your formal report's table of contents and introduction, using formal formatting. To complete this assignment, you will need to have a good plan in place for your formal report. I encourage you to use the three- step process we've been studying this session. (The formal report is due in its entirety at the end of week 8. In week 6, only the ta ble of contents and introduction are due. In week 6, your asslgnment snou10 Include tne Tollowlng: A table of contents using formal report formatting. (Note that page numbers are not necessary this week, as you will not have written the actual report yet. Page numbers should be added next week, though, when you complete the report. ) The table of ontents should include first- and second-level headings, like the example on page 437 in chapter 15. Include an introductory section featuring the following four parts (see page 439 in chapter 15 for an example.Introduction Purpose, Scope, and Limitations Sources and Methods Report Organization Identify at least six credible sources you will use in your proposal in the â€Å"Sources and Methods† section. Use formal report formatting. Be free of grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Part Two (Due Week 8) Formal Report in Full In week 6, you planned the formal report and wrote the Table of Contents and Introduction. In week 8, you will complete the formal report. (You may need to revise the Table of Contents and Introduction, based on the feedback you receive from your instructor. In week 8, your assignment should contain the following: Be formatted as a formal report, following the guidelines for formal reports in the text (including the guidelines for headings and subheadings found on pages 435-448); Include appropriate prefatory, text, and supplemental parts (The formal report should contain appropriate prefatory, text, and supplemental parts, including he following: a cover and/or title page; a letter of transmittal; a table of contents; the four-part Introductory Section from week 6; appropriately labeled body sections; and appendices, such as the client interview and list of references.Your report does not need to contain all of these parts, but should contain most of them. ); Fully answer the question of what career would you recommend to an employee, client or professional contact. The word count for the intro, body, and conclusion should be 1250-1750 words); Use at least six credible researched sources appropriately and ffectively; Include proper documentation using APA style (both in-text and end-of- text citations–please check your work using turnitin. om); and Be free of spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. Note: Visual aids are entirely appropriate for this kind of report, but they are not requlrea. IT you aec10e to use visual alas, De ce rtaln to aanere to tne stanaaras we have studied previously in this course. How the Formal Report Assignment is Graded The Formal Report Assignment will be graded according to the criteria set forth in the Rubrics for weeks 6 and 7/8, located in Doc Sharing. Story In this assignment, students will work independently to write a short formal report that analyzes a situation and provides recommendations. This course project will satisfy TCOs 4, 6 and 8. Overview In this assignment, students will analyze two possible career choices of their choosing, and then write a formal analytical report effectively presenting a recommendation to pursue one of the careers. This project has two parts: Part one, the Table of Contents and Introductory Section, is due at the end of week 6.Part two, he report in its entirety, is due at the end of week 8. Students are encouraged to begin work on this project no later than week 5, reading the project directions, reading Chapters 13, 14, and 15, and, if time permits, doing preliminary research. Formal Report Topic This assignment is based on you choosing two possible career choices you would recommend to an employee, client or professional contact. Here's the situation: You are to choose two possible career choices.Yo ur report should include the following: Information and background about your two career choices. Research from at least ix credible sources to inform your audience and to support the recommendation(s) APA citations for all researched information (in-text parenthetical citations and a reference list at the end of the report) Formal report formatting You will need to conduct outside research and cite your sources using APA citations. Conclude the formal report by making recommendations to your audience.Your report MUST be formatted as a formal report. Part One (Due Week 6) Table of Contents and Introduction Your assignment this week is to write your formal report's table of contents and introduction, using formal formatting. To complete this assignment, you will need to have a good plan in place for your formal report. I encourage you to use the three- step process we've been studying this session. (The formal report is due in its entirety at the end of week 8. In week 6, only the ta ble of contents and introduction are due. In week 6, your asslgnment snou10 Include tne Tollowlng: A table of contents using formal report formatting. (Note that page numbers are not necessary this week, as you will not have written the actual report yet. Page numbers should be added next week, though, when you complete the report. ) The table of ontents should include first- and second-level headings, like the example on page 437 in chapter 15. Include an introductory section featuring the following four parts (see page 439 in chapter 15 for an example.Introduction Purpose, Scope, and Limitations Sources and Methods Report Organization Identify at least six credible sources you will use in your proposal in the â€Å"Sources and Methods† section. Use formal report formatting. Be free of grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Part Two (Due Week 8) Formal Report in Full In week 6, you planned the formal report and wrote the Table of Contents and Introduction. In week 8, you will complete the formal report. (You may need to revise the Table of Contents and Introduction, based on the feedback you receive from your instructor. In week 8, your assignment should contain the following: Be formatted as a formal report, following the guidelines for formal reports in the text (including the guidelines for headings and subheadings found on pages 435-448); Include appropriate prefatory, text, and supplemental parts (The formal report should contain appropriate prefatory, text, and supplemental parts, including he following: a cover and/or title page; a letter of transmittal; a table of contents; the four-part Introductory Section from week 6; appropriately labeled body sections; and appendices, such as the client interview and list of references.Your report does not need to contain all of these parts, but should contain most of them. ); Fully answer the question of what career would you recommend to an employee, client or professional contact. The word count for the intro, body, and conclusion should be 1250-1750 words); Use at least six credible researched sources appropriately and ffectively; Include proper documentation using APA style (both in-text and end-of- text citations–please check your work using turnitin. om); and Be free of spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. Note: Visual aids are entirely appropriate for this kind of report, but they are not requlrea. IT you aec10e to use visual alas, De ce rtaln to aanere to tne stanaaras we have studied previously in this course. How the Formal Report Assignment is Graded The Formal Report Assignment will be graded according to the criteria set forth in the Rubrics for weeks 6 and 7/8, located in Doc Sharing.